I have bad news for you... Workplaces (any workplace) have people inside. :-) And each person is different from the others.
Your workplace will be the sum of everyone involved. Of course it's not an arithmetic mean - it's a weighted one, where your boss, your boss' bosses and some other people have a higher rank, but where you still need the input of everyone else to succeed.
Yes, for sure there are a lot of things that are similar in every place. It's not that simple to me, as a brazilian, to tell you what these things are, because our cultures are similar, but still very different. Our values, things that are socially accepted, are just not the same. But I saw a lot of good advices up there: be a nice person without being dumb or used, avoid gossips at all cost, be careful to not reveal things you could regret later, learn to know people well before saying too much. Respect everyone - from the cleaning guy to the president / general manager / whatever. And remember that you are in a workplace, not in college anymore - so you need to work more and play less, and depending of the company climate, don't play at all.
Another question is the size of the company... I've worked for a big, big american multinational here in Brazil - I just changed jobs for a stable, long-term public job because I'm approaching the 40's and it's time to be sure I'll have a job until my retirement - and a good retirement too. But in the years I was at that company I've learned a lot, because my previous jobs were in small companies, where you can be yourself all the time and you know everyone. But in bigger (or enormous) companies, you must settle down first. Know the people around you, know your manager (this is a keypoint!!! ) and try to please him/her, but NOT by getting your nose brown in the process, but by just learning to work like he thinks you should. Remember, HE is your "real", immediate boss, he will be the one who will give your evaluations. So, if he wants to be informed more often about the project, inform him; if he want you to document the project better, do that. It's simple when you just try, and it makes sense - after all, you work for him. But, at the same time, if he seems to be open for that, express your opinions in a respectful way. Suggest things, ask him what he thinks of this or that idea, and learn to show your potential. As I said, it depends on the people around you, and you need to know them first.
And as a no-no, I can point you some weird advices I saw in some previous posts, and one in particular. Do NOT avoid contact, do NOT avoid socialization, do NOT try to screw someone. You will be seen as a smart-ass, no-teamplayer, social-impaired person in the first cases, and as a dangerous, vinditive person in the later. Anyhow, people will soon try to get you booted becuase you add nothing and poses a threat to them. And your manager, too, will see you as a liability to the team's integrity.
But, as you will see, in the end you will not follow any advices here, because you, too, is a person. And as such you will act as your personality tells you to, because it's impossible to be someone else all the time. :-) With the time you will change, adapt, grow and be a more mature professional. This is how things work, or at least as they worked for me.
Good luck!