Some of these may sound "white elephants" but there are no companies willing to take the risk, only way it can be done is by a non-market driven entity, ie. Government, that has less risk if something does not work. Also private companies sadly don't look beyond the 10 year horizon, limiting the technology leap.
I would prefer it being market driven, its usually costs less and is technically better. I just don't see that happening. Now if we could convince private companies that there is a large exploitable market out there, ie. mining rare earth metals, who knows, it may open up a door.
If funding had continued just a few years longer we might have seen simple thermal nuclear rockets like NERVA fly.
And since there was no real long term "Orion" nuclear bomb experimentation, just one experiment was done, I had to assume NERVA.
Chemical rockets are a dead end. They will never be able to put large amounts of supplies into orbit and will never be fast enough of interplanetary distances to be practical as anything more than an interesting diversion. The failure I am referring to is the failure to recognize this and invest money, time, and effort into alternatives. NASA successfully test fired a nuclear powered rocket that as a drop in replacement for on the Saturn V would have improved it's payload by 4x, using technology from the '60s. And then the funding dried up for anything experimental or paradigm shifting and we've been stuck on chemical rockets which have no hope of actually accomplishing any of the long term goals of the manned space program.
These are all inherent in the technology itself and doesn't discuss about bureaucratic falseness that most of the issues you mention, stem from. Your pointing out issues with methodology the technologies failed or can be successful. Sure I agree with you, their can be improvements on the methodology ie. manufacturing and how a rocket is used, but not improving the technology itself.
Electromagnetic launcher / etc. - first, remember how such proposals talk about building a megastructure (often... dynamically suspended; do you see many normal (puny) buildings like that?).
Well that depends, there are a few man made mega-structures around today. It's a matter of scale. And I don't envision a dynamically suspended rail, but I believe it's do-able, if pushing the limits of construction. And yes a electromagnetic launcher may have a "dumb" payload, but most likely will have some power to maneuver, ie. thrusters, small rockets engines, etc. to help once it lifts off the launcher.
Secondly, not assuming gargantuan fantasies, the projectile still will be largely... a "dumb rocket", essentially the same tech as now (but with complexity of highly dynamic launch system; vs. stationary launch platform + more first stages as boosters, for basically the same effect - like with Delta IV Heavy, Atlas V HLV, Falcon 9 Heavy, and to a most striking degree with Angara).
Yes it comparable to what we have now, after all it has to be near term to be of any use. The key is to lower launch costs and improve reliability and safety.
Third - Pegasus rocket is basically it. It's also one of the most expensive launchers around.
I would say it isn't like an electromagnetic launcher, chemical rockets are well known and pretty much at the top of it's technology curve, ie. it won't get better than it is. While an electromagnetic launcher is still relatively new and has many years of development to lower costs and be "perfected".
I do see more hope for a Scram-Jet type launcher, or electromagnetic launcher. Both are much better than either chemical or nuclear. Once we are in the vacuum of space there is plasma and engines much like VASIMER, or even nuclear thermal.
Not more real, but certainly more exciting. The fact that a 50 year old concept is more exciting than a new space vehicle says a lot about the failures of the space program.
I'm not sure what you mean by "failures"? Maybe it didn't meet your expectations but definitely not failures. We have what we due to politics and limitations of reality not "Failures" of concepts or of what NASA has accomplished.
Like everything else, Reality seldom matches our expectations.
The key elements in human thinking are not numbers but labels of fuzzy sets. -- L. Zadeh