Deaf? Not to be too harsh, but please come back when you know what you're talking about.
Since you obviously know the subject, maybe you can comment on three items of my post:
Been there done that. Palegray.net is correct.
1. Who has the primary duty to avoid such a collision?
The Officer of the Deck ( OOD ) He is in charge of the current operation of the ship. That being said. The captain has ultimate responsibility.
2. Is it reasonable to expect a surface ship to see a submarine 30' below the surface at night?
Yes it is. A submarine is over 50' tall. So a submarine at 30' keel depth would be on the surface. If you consider that the top of the ship is 30' below the surface, No.
3. Would it be expected that many sailors aboard the sub will hear 100,000 HP diesels of a surface ship a couple of hundred feet away?
The temperature of the water varies with depth. It effects the way sound propagates through the water. It is very possible for a submarine to be directly below a surface ship and not hear it.
In my opinion these answers, made by a competent person, would be far more useful than guessing about me and at the same time telling nothing on the subject of discussion.
One of the most dangerous times for a submarine collision is during the process of going to periscope depth. The submarine may not hear a surface ship until it is to late. Chances are this is what happened. It has happened before. A US ballistic submarine sunk a Japanese freighter in the pacific some years ago.
The quote in the article about more than 100 nuclear weapons were involved is pure bullshit. A fast attack submarine is limited to a few cruise missiles. Given the area of operation, most if not all would be armed with conventional warheads. There is no reason for a marine assault ship to carry nuclear weapons.