then replace "Router" by (Gnome PPP / KPPP).

'nuff said.

well, since we lack a formal definition of "emergence", it is not so easy to measure. Sure, we can measure the appearance of a given phenomena previously determined to be "emergent", but we have no way of determining automatically what phenomena are in fact emergent, and which are just normal consequences of the design choices behind the game. Rocket Jumping, in FPS, for example... is it an "emergent" behaviour? Its emergence, depends only on it being included as a design choice or not?

If this is so, then anything not included in a precompiled list of possible behaviours and phenomena would be emergent.

Entropy is another thing, it can help measure order/disorder, and maybe the amount of "random stuff" happening, but to be an emergent phenomena ()in any relevant sense), it has to be interesting to an observer (or, in context, it has to be "fun"), and that criteria is not formally state-able (is that a word!? IANA Native English Speaker), at least as far as i know...

Would love to hear comments on formal definitions of emergence, specifically if it applies to providing a formal criteria to identify it.

you can use several assignment operators, including =

but i reckon that <- is quite un-intuitive

?

'tis turing complete...

ever heard of "interpreted" languages?