Nothing! On the other hand, it would be a pretty foolish person who tried to do that -- if you made the data you're likely the only one who truly understands it. Other threads in this discussion talk about that problem in the context of elementary particles. For solar observations it is similar -- there are plenty of "gotchas" in every data set, and you'd better be working with the instrument team if you want to make a fool of yourself.
This is exactly why this system is likely to fail. No scientist is going to spend millions of dollars and years of effort just to put their data on a server where someone else can analyze it, publish the results, and therefore get most of the credit and reward. The end result of this process is the person actually collecting the data doesn't get tenure and ends up shutting down their lab.
In terms of understanding the data and "gotchas", we alway have meta-data to explain the details of the experiment and the data. Through collaborations with specific individuals in which publications authorship is discussed up front, I have allowed other to analyzed my data.
We design and build our instrumentation ourselves, or have in built at an outside contractor. In either case we always validate every piece of experimental equipment. So I think it is safe to say that we are cognizant of the subtleties of our data.
Another angle: if you really do deserve tenure, then your problem is probably the opposite: you've got too many interesting ideas to explore and data sets to analyze, and you're likely never to get around to doing some of the necessary-but-more-tedious analyses of your back data. If you hold on to the data, it will never get analyzed by anyone.
Its not a case of deserving tenure or not. You need to have peer-reviewed documentation of scientific productivity and standing. This is why I have graduate students and postdocs. Typically, a senior graduate student or a postdoc ends up being first author on a paper, while I am last author. And this is what tenure review committees look at - How may first and last author papers do you have. Having a lot of papers with my students/postdocs as first author demonstrates that I am being a good mentor and advancing the careers of my the people in my lab. Having a lot of last author publications demonstrates that my lab is in general being productive. They also factor in the quality and prestige of the journals where the work is published.
As I stated earlier, after my lab has gotten a few publications out of a data set, I would be OK with publishing in an open database. However, I would still insist on having some control over how future publications are credited.