Replying to your what-happens:
If someone breaks the encryption:
Hard to say, exactly. Assuming a full breach of SHA256, things would be pretty bad, the worse the longer it takes for the breach to be publicized. Once it is, the consensus would likely be to cease accepting Bitcoin transactions until a fix is issued - likely moving to a different algorithm, and considering all or some transactions since the breach retroactively invalid. There would be a lot of drama over this, understandably, and I don't know how long such a fix would take to implement technically. It would be a big deal and Bitcoin might not survive it, but that's not a given. Then again, being able to break SHA256 at will would be quite remarkable and would have serious repercussions for a lot of people quite apart from Bitcoin users. I'm not at all convinced breaking Bitcoin would be the best way to use such a trump card.
If someone steals and publicizes "decryption keys":
I assume you mean people's private keys used to control their bitcoins? This is like any other theft - if someone steals large amounts of cash and decides to redistribute it, robin-hood style, the victims are left without their money and some other people have more money than before, and a moral dilemma to go with the funds.
Quantum computers:
I'll point you to the Bitcoin wiki entry on the issue:
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Quantum_computers_would_break_Bitcoin.27s_security