According to the article "the astronomers determined that the galaxy UGC 3789 is 160 million light-years from Earth". This translates to 49 Mpc. According to NED, the velocity (in the Cosmic Microwave Background frame) is 3385 km/s.
Therefore this measurement of the Hubble parameter is then 3385/49 = 69 km/s/Mpc.
(Unfortunately the article does not quote an uncertainty on the 49 Mpc measurement. Because of peculiar velocities, I would estimate that there is at least a 300 km/s uncertainty on the 3385 km/s velocity. )
MoND does a good job of explaining rotation curves of spiral galaxies, but that's about it. It fails on the scales of clusters of galaxies, as even its proponents acknowledge. Nor does it make useful predictions for the growth of large-scale structure.
I have no idea what you mean when you say it explains the same things as the "String Hypothesis."
The observed redshift (4.5 in this case) and the Friedmann equation.
No, this was just a little Bang. The big one, we had already found. You can see a picture here.
"9,000 ordinary supernovae" = 9000 x 10^44 Joules =~ 10^48 Joules.
According to Wikipedia, 1 ton (do they mean tonne) of TNT = 4 x 10^9 Joules, so this makes 2 x 10^38 tons of TNT equivalent.
And the largest bomb ever exploded is 5x10^8 tons of TNT.
So this would be ~ 10^30 of those, or around a million Yotta-bombs.
Not sure if that helps.
Actually the orbital velocity is (surprisingly) close to constant, as in most spiral galaxies. In fact, it is these "flat" (i.e. constant as a function of galactocentric radius) rotation curves that were some of the earliest evidence for dark matter.
That having been said, my guess is that the velocities quoted in the press release refer to the Sun's (or more accurately the Local Standard of Rest's) velocity around the Galactic center.
Couldn't find the paper on arxiv.org
"A car is just a big purse on wheels." -- Johanna Reynolds