I think there is indeed a way to do what you suggest. Your idea has some problems - one of which was mentioned: 14 days isn't enough because covid can go slowly from one person to the next within an apartment (think 4 room mates) or household (6 family members) but you can alleviate this with heavy testing. Or just ask people to continue quarantine if one in their household had symptoms until no one has symptoms for X days.
A second problem is that you can't halt everything. People have emergencies. Food needs to be trucked. Electricity and water needs to be delivered and produced. The more you think about it, the more exceptions you need. In our recent lockdowns, people at say Raytheon who just pushed paper all day were considered "essential workers" because they were a military contractor. So you have the problem of too many people considered "essential" as well.
A third problem is getting this passed as a law.
But still, with these problems there may be workarounds - or they may be "enough" to get things back down to reasonable levels for 6 months until you have to do another.
Here's my proposal. Make it a national holiday. Start small. Make it a 3 day weekend. Make it fun. Say "no travel". Start off with "all stores closed for 3 days". Try to get (or maybe you don't have to do anything) movies to come out that weekend on Netflix as everyone is "stuck home" that 3 day weekend. Blockbuster video games and movies can get released that weekend as they love to do that sort of thing with the bigger audience.
Slowly. Over decades. Turn it into something fun that people look forward to. Make it 4 days after a few years. Some people will just naturally extend it to a week. Call it "the home stretch" or something. Then when there is a pandemic you announce an off season "home stretch" for a particular date. Everyone will know what to expect, what to do, supermarkets will stock up, people will stock up, it's just something we do already but on a different date. It will be fun. Make the stretch 7 days instead of 4 or whatever. Get people used to this kind of thing.
We might not need to do anything next time as mask wearing is more acceptable now (despite some holdouts). Vietnam didn't have to do "much" as mask wearing was normal there. They would disagree - they had very very strict travel restrictions into the country and lots of testing but really, it was no big deal.