Alternatives to OPT

The overwhelming amount of information available poses a significant challenge to advancements in science. With the rapid expansion of scientific literature and data, pinpointing valuable insights within this vast sea of information has become increasingly difficult. Nowadays, people rely on search engines to access scientific knowledge, yet these tools alone cannot effectively categorize and organize this complex information. Galactica is an advanced language model designed to capture, synthesize, and analyze scientific knowledge. It is trained on a diverse array of scientific materials, including research papers, reference texts, knowledge databases, and other relevant resources. In various scientific tasks, Galactica demonstrates superior performance compared to existing models. For instance, on technical knowledge assessments involving LaTeX equations, Galactica achieves a score of 68.2%, significantly higher than the 49.0% of the latest GPT-3 model. Furthermore, Galactica excels in reasoning tasks, outperforming Chinchilla in mathematical MMLU with scores of 41.3% to 35.7%, and surpassing PaLM 540B in MATH with a notable 20.4% compared to 8.8%. This indicates that Galactica not only enhances accessibility to scientific information but also improves our ability to reason through complex scientific queries.

We introduce T5, a model that transforms all natural language processing tasks into a consistent text-to-text format, ensuring that both inputs and outputs are text strings, unlike BERT-style models which are limited to providing either a class label or a segment of the input text. This innovative text-to-text approach enables us to utilize the same model architecture, loss function, and hyperparameter settings across various NLP tasks such as machine translation, document summarization, question answering, and classification, including sentiment analysis. Furthermore, T5's versatility extends to regression tasks, where it can be trained to output the textual form of a number rather than the number itself, showcasing its adaptability. This unified framework greatly simplifies the handling of diverse NLP challenges, promoting efficiency and consistency in model training and application.

Falcon-40B is a causal decoder-only model consisting of 40 billion parameters, developed by TII and trained on 1 trillion tokens from RefinedWeb, supplemented with carefully selected datasets. It is distributed under the Apache 2.0 license. Why should you consider using Falcon-40B? This model stands out as the leading open-source option available, surpassing competitors like LLaMA, StableLM, RedPajama, and MPT, as evidenced by its ranking on the OpenLLM Leaderboard. Its design is specifically tailored for efficient inference, incorporating features such as FlashAttention and multiquery capabilities. Moreover, it is offered under a flexible Apache 2.0 license, permitting commercial applications without incurring royalties or facing restrictions. It's important to note that this is a raw, pretrained model and is generally recommended to be fine-tuned for optimal performance in most applications. If you need a version that is more adept at handling general instructions in a conversational format, you might want to explore Falcon-40B-Instruct as a potential alternative.

CodeQwen serves as the coding counterpart to Qwen, which is a series of large language models created by the Qwen team at Alibaba Cloud. Built on a transformer architecture that functions solely as a decoder, this model has undergone extensive pre-training using a vast dataset of code. It showcases robust code generation abilities and demonstrates impressive results across various benchmarking tests. With the capacity to comprehend and generate long contexts of up to 64,000 tokens, CodeQwen accommodates 92 programming languages and excels in tasks such as text-to-SQL queries and debugging. Engaging with CodeQwen is straightforward—you can initiate a conversation with just a few lines of code utilizing transformers. The foundation of this interaction relies on constructing the tokenizer and model using pre-existing methods, employing the generate function to facilitate dialogue guided by the chat template provided by the tokenizer. In alignment with our established practices, we implement the ChatML template tailored for chat models. This model adeptly completes code snippets based on the prompts it receives, delivering responses without the need for any further formatting adjustments, thereby enhancing the user experience. The seamless integration of these elements underscores the efficiency and versatility of CodeQwen in handling diverse coding tasks.

Qwen-7B is the 7-billion parameter iteration of Alibaba Cloud's Qwen language model series, also known as Tongyi Qianwen. This large language model utilizes a Transformer architecture and has been pretrained on an extensive dataset comprising web texts, books, code, and more. Furthermore, we introduced Qwen-7B-Chat, an AI assistant that builds upon the pretrained Qwen-7B model and incorporates advanced alignment techniques. The Qwen-7B series boasts several notable features: It has been trained on a premium dataset, with over 2.2 trillion tokens sourced from a self-assembled collection of high-quality texts and codes across various domains, encompassing both general and specialized knowledge. Additionally, our model demonstrates exceptional performance, surpassing competitors of similar size on numerous benchmark datasets that assess capabilities in natural language understanding, mathematics, and coding tasks. This positions Qwen-7B as a leading choice in the realm of AI language models. Overall, its sophisticated training and robust design contribute to its impressive versatility and effectiveness.

Introducing the next iteration of our open-source large language model, this version features model weights along with initial code for the pretrained and fine-tuned Llama language models, which span from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters. The Llama 2 pretrained models have been developed using an impressive 2 trillion tokens and offer double the context length compared to their predecessor, Llama 1. Furthermore, the fine-tuned models have been enhanced through the analysis of over 1 million human annotations. Llama 2 demonstrates superior performance against various other open-source language models across multiple external benchmarks, excelling in areas such as reasoning, coding capabilities, proficiency, and knowledge assessments. For its training, Llama 2 utilized publicly accessible online data sources, while the fine-tuned variant, Llama-2-chat, incorporates publicly available instruction datasets along with the aforementioned extensive human annotations. Our initiative enjoys strong support from a diverse array of global stakeholders who are enthusiastic about our open approach to AI, including companies that have provided valuable early feedback and are eager to collaborate using Llama 2. The excitement surrounding Llama 2 signifies a pivotal shift in how AI can be developed and utilized collectively.

Recent breakthroughs in natural language processing, comprehension, and generation have been greatly influenced by the development of large language models. This research presents a system that employs Ascend 910 AI processors and the MindSpore framework to train a language model exceeding one trillion parameters, specifically 1.085 trillion, referred to as PanGu-{\Sigma}. This model enhances the groundwork established by PanGu-{\alpha} by converting the conventional dense Transformer model into a sparse format through a method known as Random Routed Experts (RRE). Utilizing a substantial dataset of 329 billion tokens, the model was effectively trained using a strategy called Expert Computation and Storage Separation (ECSS), which resulted in a remarkable 6.3-fold improvement in training throughput through the use of heterogeneous computing. Through various experiments, it was found that PanGu-{\Sigma} achieves a new benchmark in zero-shot learning across multiple downstream tasks in Chinese NLP, showcasing its potential in advancing the field. This advancement signifies a major leap forward in the capabilities of language models, illustrating the impact of innovative training techniques and architectural modifications.

GPT-4, or Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4, is a highly advanced unsupervised language model that is anticipated for release by OpenAI. As the successor to GPT-3, it belongs to the GPT-n series of natural language processing models and was developed using an extensive dataset comprising 45TB of text, enabling it to generate and comprehend text in a manner akin to human communication. Distinct from many conventional NLP models, GPT-4 operates without the need for additional training data tailored to specific tasks. It is capable of generating text or responding to inquiries by utilizing only the context it creates internally. Demonstrating remarkable versatility, GPT-4 can adeptly tackle a diverse array of tasks such as translation, summarization, question answering, sentiment analysis, and more, all without any dedicated task-specific training. This ability to perform such varied functions further highlights its potential impact on the field of artificial intelligence and natural language processing.

PanGu-α has been created using the MindSpore framework and utilizes a powerful setup of 2048 Ascend 910 AI processors for its training. The training process employs an advanced parallelism strategy that leverages MindSpore Auto-parallel, which integrates five different parallelism dimensions—data parallelism, operation-level model parallelism, pipeline model parallelism, optimizer model parallelism, and rematerialization—to effectively distribute tasks across the 2048 processors. To improve the model's generalization, we gathered 1.1TB of high-quality Chinese language data from diverse fields for pretraining. We conduct extensive tests on PanGu-α's generation capabilities across multiple situations, such as text summarization, question answering, and dialogue generation. Additionally, we examine how varying model scales influence few-shot performance across a wide array of Chinese NLP tasks. The results from our experiments highlight the exceptional performance of PanGu-α, demonstrating its strengths in handling numerous tasks even in few-shot or zero-shot contexts, thus showcasing its versatility and robustness. This comprehensive evaluation reinforces the potential applications of PanGu-α in real-world scenarios.

DeepSeek-V2 is a cutting-edge Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model developed by DeepSeek-AI, noted for its cost-effective training and high-efficiency inference features. It boasts an impressive total of 236 billion parameters, with only 21 billion active for each token, and is capable of handling a context length of up to 128K tokens. The model utilizes advanced architectures such as Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) to optimize inference by minimizing the Key-Value (KV) cache and DeepSeekMoE to enable economical training through sparse computations. Compared to its predecessor, DeepSeek 67B, this model shows remarkable improvements, achieving a 42.5% reduction in training expenses, a 93.3% decrease in KV cache size, and a 5.76-fold increase in generation throughput. Trained on an extensive corpus of 8.1 trillion tokens, DeepSeek-V2 demonstrates exceptional capabilities in language comprehension, programming, and reasoning tasks, positioning it as one of the leading open-source models available today. Its innovative approach not only elevates its performance but also sets new benchmarks within the field of artificial intelligence.

Yi-Large is an innovative proprietary large language model created by 01.AI, featuring an impressive context length of 32k and a cost structure of $2 for each million tokens for both inputs and outputs. Renowned for its superior natural language processing abilities, common-sense reasoning, and support for multiple languages, it competes effectively with top models such as GPT-4 and Claude3 across various evaluations. This model is particularly adept at handling tasks that involve intricate inference, accurate prediction, and comprehensive language comprehension, making it ideal for applications such as knowledge retrieval, data categorization, and the development of conversational chatbots that mimic human interaction. Built on a decoder-only transformer architecture, Yi-Large incorporates advanced features like pre-normalization and Group Query Attention, and it has been trained on an extensive, high-quality multilingual dataset to enhance its performance. The model's flexibility and economical pricing position it as a formidable player in the artificial intelligence landscape, especially for businesses looking to implement AI technologies on a global scale. Additionally, its ability to adapt to a wide range of use cases underscores its potential to revolutionize how organizations leverage language models for various needs.

Falcon-7B is a causal decoder-only model comprising 7 billion parameters, developed by TII and trained on an extensive dataset of 1,500 billion tokens from RefinedWeb, supplemented with specially selected corpora, and it is licensed under Apache 2.0. What are the advantages of utilizing Falcon-7B? This model surpasses similar open-source alternatives, such as MPT-7B, StableLM, and RedPajama, due to its training on a remarkably large dataset of 1,500 billion tokens from RefinedWeb, which is further enhanced with carefully curated content, as evidenced by its standing on the OpenLLM Leaderboard. Additionally, it boasts an architecture that is finely tuned for efficient inference, incorporating technologies like FlashAttention and multiquery mechanisms. Moreover, the permissive nature of the Apache 2.0 license means users can engage in commercial applications without incurring royalties or facing significant limitations. This combination of performance and flexibility makes Falcon-7B a strong choice for developers seeking advanced modeling capabilities.

The TinyLlama initiative seeks to pretrain a Llama model with 1.1 billion parameters using a dataset of 3 trillion tokens. With the right optimizations, this ambitious task can be completed in a mere 90 days, utilizing 16 A100-40G GPUs. We have maintained the same architecture and tokenizer as Llama 2, ensuring that TinyLlama is compatible with various open-source projects that are based on Llama. Additionally, the model's compact design, consisting of just 1.1 billion parameters, makes it suitable for numerous applications that require limited computational resources and memory. This versatility enables developers to integrate TinyLlama seamlessly into their existing frameworks and workflows.

Baichuan-13B is an advanced large-scale language model developed by Baichuan Intelligent, featuring 13 billion parameters and available for open-source and commercial use, building upon its predecessor Baichuan-7B. This model has set new records for performance among similarly sized models on esteemed Chinese and English evaluation metrics. The release includes two distinct pre-training variations: Baichuan-13B-Base and Baichuan-13B-Chat. By significantly increasing the parameter count to 13 billion, Baichuan-13B enhances its capabilities, training on 1.4 trillion tokens from a high-quality dataset, which surpasses LLaMA-13B's training data by 40%. It currently holds the distinction of being the model with the most extensive training data in the 13B category, providing robust support for both Chinese and English languages, utilizing ALiBi positional encoding, and accommodating a context window of 4096 tokens for improved comprehension and generation. This makes it a powerful tool for a variety of applications in natural language processing.

Training cutting-edge language models presents significant challenges; it demands vast computational resources, intricate distributed computing strategies, and substantial machine learning knowledge. Consequently, only a limited number of organizations embark on the journey of developing large language models (LLMs) from the ground up. Furthermore, many of those with the necessary capabilities and knowledge have begun to restrict access to their findings, indicating a notable shift from practices observed just a few months ago. At Cerebras, we are committed to promoting open access to state-of-the-art models. Therefore, we are excited to share with the open-source community the launch of Cerebras-GPT, which consists of a series of seven GPT models with parameter counts ranging from 111 million to 13 billion. Utilizing the Chinchilla formula for training, these models deliver exceptional accuracy while optimizing for computational efficiency. Notably, Cerebras-GPT boasts quicker training durations, reduced costs, and lower energy consumption compared to any publicly accessible model currently available. By releasing these models, we hope to inspire further innovation and collaboration in the field of machine learning.

ChatGPT, a creation of OpenAI, is an advanced language model designed to produce coherent and contextually relevant responses based on a vast array of internet text. Its training enables it to handle a variety of tasks within natural language processing, including engaging in conversations, answering questions, and generating text in various formats. With its deep learning algorithms, ChatGPT utilizes a transformer architecture that has proven to be highly effective across numerous NLP applications. Furthermore, the model can be tailored for particular tasks, such as language translation, text classification, and question answering, empowering developers to create sophisticated NLP solutions with enhanced precision. Beyond text generation, ChatGPT also possesses the capability to process and create code, showcasing its versatility in handling different types of content. This multifaceted ability opens up new possibilities for integration into various technological applications.

ALBERT is a self-supervised Transformer architecture that undergoes pretraining on a vast dataset of English text, eliminating the need for manual annotations by employing an automated method to create inputs and corresponding labels from unprocessed text. This model is designed with two primary training objectives in mind. The first objective, known as Masked Language Modeling (MLM), involves randomly obscuring 15% of the words in a given sentence and challenging the model to accurately predict those masked words. This approach sets it apart from recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and autoregressive models such as GPT, as it enables ALBERT to capture bidirectional representations of sentences. The second training objective is Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP), which focuses on the task of determining the correct sequence of two adjacent text segments during the pretraining phase. By incorporating these dual objectives, ALBERT enhances its understanding of language structure and contextual relationships. This innovative design contributes to its effectiveness in various natural language processing tasks.

Pre-trained language models have made significant strides, achieving top-tier performance across multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. The impressive capabilities of GPT-3 highlight how increasing the scale of these models can unlock their vast potential. Recently, a comprehensive framework known as ERNIE 3.0 was introduced to pre-train large-scale models enriched with knowledge, culminating in a model boasting 10 billion parameters. This iteration of ERNIE 3.0 has surpassed the performance of existing leading models in a variety of NLP tasks. To further assess the effects of scaling, we have developed an even larger model called ERNIE 3.0 Titan, which consists of up to 260 billion parameters and is built on the PaddlePaddle platform. Additionally, we have implemented a self-supervised adversarial loss alongside a controllable language modeling loss, enabling ERNIE 3.0 Titan to produce texts that are both reliable and modifiable, thus pushing the boundaries of what these models can achieve. This approach not only enhances the model's capabilities but also opens new avenues for research in text generation and control.

We present the Granite series of decoder-only code models specifically designed for tasks involving code generation, such as debugging, code explanation, and documentation, utilizing programming languages across a spectrum of 116 different types. An extensive assessment of the Granite Code model family across various tasks reveals that these models consistently achieve leading performance compared to other open-source code language models available today. Among the notable strengths of Granite Code models are: Versatile Code LLM: The Granite Code models deliver competitive or top-tier results across a wide array of code-related tasks, which include code generation, explanation, debugging, editing, translation, and beyond, showcasing their capacity to handle various coding challenges effectively. Additionally, their adaptability makes them suitable for both simple and complex coding scenarios. Reliable Enterprise-Grade LLM: All models in this series are developed using data that complies with licensing requirements and is gathered in alignment with IBM's AI Ethics guidelines, ensuring trustworthy usage for enterprise applications.

The Megatron-Turing Natural Language Generation model (MT-NLG) stands out as the largest and most advanced monolithic transformer model for the English language, boasting an impressive 530 billion parameters. This 105-layer transformer architecture significantly enhances the capabilities of previous leading models, particularly in zero-shot, one-shot, and few-shot scenarios. It exhibits exceptional precision across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, including completion prediction, reading comprehension, commonsense reasoning, natural language inference, and word sense disambiguation. To foster further research on this groundbreaking English language model and to allow users to explore and utilize its potential in various language applications, NVIDIA has introduced an Early Access program for its managed API service dedicated to the MT-NLG model. This initiative aims to facilitate experimentation and innovation in the field of natural language processing.

The latest iteration of the open-source AI model, which can be fine-tuned and deployed in various environments, is now offered in multiple versions, including 1B, 3B, 11B, and 90B, alongside the option to continue utilizing Llama 3.1. Llama 3.2 comprises a series of large language models (LLMs) that come pretrained and fine-tuned in 1B and 3B configurations for multilingual text only, while the 11B and 90B models accommodate both text and image inputs, producing text outputs. With this new release, you can create highly effective and efficient applications tailored to your needs. For on-device applications, such as summarizing phone discussions or accessing calendar tools, the 1B or 3B models are ideal choices. Meanwhile, the 11B or 90B models excel in image-related tasks, enabling you to transform existing images or extract additional information from images of your environment. Overall, this diverse range of models allows developers to explore innovative use cases across various domains.

Hippocratic AI represents a cutting-edge advancement in artificial intelligence, surpassing GPT-4 on 105 out of 114 healthcare-related exams and certifications. Notably, it exceeded GPT-4's performance by at least five percent on 74 of these certifications, and on 43 of them, the margin was ten percent or greater. Unlike most language models that rely on a broad range of internet sources—which can sometimes include inaccurate information—Hippocratic AI is committed to sourcing evidence-based healthcare content through legal means. To ensure the model's effectiveness and safety, we are implementing a specialized Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback process, involving healthcare professionals in training and validating the model before its release. This meticulous approach, dubbed RLHF-HP, guarantees that Hippocratic AI will only be launched after it receives the approval of a significant number of licensed healthcare experts, prioritizing patient safety and accuracy in its applications. The dedication to rigorous validation sets Hippocratic AI apart in the landscape of AI healthcare solutions.

Yi-Lightning, a product of 01.AI and spearheaded by Kai-Fu Lee, marks a significant leap forward in the realm of large language models, emphasizing both performance excellence and cost-effectiveness. With the ability to process a context length of up to 16K tokens, it offers an attractive pricing model of $0.14 per million tokens for both inputs and outputs, making it highly competitive in the market. The model employs an improved Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) framework, featuring detailed expert segmentation and sophisticated routing techniques that enhance its training and inference efficiency. Yi-Lightning has distinguished itself across multiple fields, achieving top distinctions in areas such as Chinese language processing, mathematics, coding tasks, and challenging prompts on chatbot platforms, where it ranked 6th overall and 9th in style control. Its creation involved an extensive combination of pre-training, targeted fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning derived from human feedback, which not only enhances its performance but also prioritizes user safety. Furthermore, the model's design includes significant advancements in optimizing both memory consumption and inference speed, positioning it as a formidable contender in its field.

The upcoming GPT-5 is the next version in OpenAI's series of Generative Pre-trained Transformers, which remains under development. These advanced language models are built on vast datasets, enabling them to produce realistic and coherent text, translate between languages, create various forms of creative content, and provide informative answers to inquiries. As of now, it is not available to the public, and although OpenAI has yet to disclose an official launch date, there is speculation that its release could occur in 2024. This iteration is anticipated to significantly outpace its predecessor, GPT-4, which is already capable of generating text that resembles human writing, translating languages, and crafting a wide range of creative pieces. The expectations for GPT-5 include enhanced reasoning skills, improved factual accuracy, and a superior ability to adhere to user instructions, making it a highly anticipated advancement in the field. Overall, the development of GPT-5 represents a considerable leap forward in the capabilities of AI language processing.

Stable LM represents a significant advancement in the field of language models by leveraging our previous experience with open-source initiatives, particularly in collaboration with EleutherAI, a nonprofit research organization. This journey includes the development of notable models such as GPT-J, GPT-NeoX, and the Pythia suite, all of which were trained on The Pile open-source dataset, while many contemporary open-source models like Cerebras-GPT and Dolly-2 have drawn inspiration from this foundational work. Unlike its predecessors, Stable LM is trained on an innovative dataset that is three times the size of The Pile, encompassing a staggering 1.5 trillion tokens. We plan to share more information about this dataset in the near future. The extensive nature of this dataset enables Stable LM to excel remarkably in both conversational and coding scenarios, despite its relatively modest size of 3 to 7 billion parameters when compared to larger models like GPT-3, which boasts 175 billion parameters. Designed for versatility, Stable LM 3B is a streamlined model that can efficiently function on portable devices such as laptops and handheld gadgets, making us enthusiastic about its practical applications and mobility. Overall, the development of Stable LM marks a pivotal step towards creating more efficient and accessible language models for a wider audience.

Sky-T1-32B-Preview is an innovative open-source reasoning model crafted by the NovaSky team at UC Berkeley's Sky Computing Lab. It delivers performance comparable to proprietary models such as o1-preview on various reasoning and coding assessments, while being developed at a cost of less than $450, highlighting the potential for budget-friendly, advanced reasoning abilities. Fine-tuned from Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct, the model utilized a meticulously curated dataset comprising 17,000 examples spanning multiple fields, such as mathematics and programming. The entire training process was completed in just 19 hours using eight H100 GPUs with DeepSpeed Zero-3 offloading technology. Every component of this initiative—including the data, code, and model weights—is entirely open-source, allowing both academic and open-source communities to not only replicate but also improve upon the model's capabilities. This accessibility fosters collaboration and innovation in the realm of artificial intelligence research and development.

We are excited to present MPT-7B, the newest addition to the MosaicML Foundation Series. This transformer model has been meticulously trained from the ground up using 1 trillion tokens of diverse text and code. It is open-source and ready for commercial applications, delivering performance on par with LLaMA-7B. The training process took 9.5 days on the MosaicML platform, requiring no human input and incurring an approximate cost of $200,000. With MPT-7B, you can now train, fine-tune, and launch your own customized MPT models, whether you choose to begin with one of our provided checkpoints or start anew. To provide additional options, we are also introducing three fine-tuned variants alongside the base MPT-7B: MPT-7B-Instruct, MPT-7B-Chat, and MPT-7B-StoryWriter-65k+, the latter boasting an impressive context length of 65,000 tokens, allowing for extensive content generation. These advancements open up new possibilities for developers and researchers looking to leverage the power of transformer models in their projects.

NVIDIA NeMo Megatron serves as a comprehensive framework designed for the training and deployment of large language models (LLMs) that can range from billions to trillions of parameters. As a integral component of the NVIDIA AI platform, it provides a streamlined, efficient, and cost-effective solution in a containerized format for constructing and deploying LLMs. Tailored for enterprise application development, the framework leverages cutting-edge technologies stemming from NVIDIA research and offers a complete workflow that automates distributed data processing, facilitates the training of large-scale custom models like GPT-3, T5, and multilingual T5 (mT5), and supports model deployment for large-scale inference. The process of utilizing LLMs becomes straightforward with the availability of validated recipes and predefined configurations that streamline both training and inference. Additionally, the hyperparameter optimization tool simplifies the customization of models by automatically exploring the optimal hyperparameter configurations, enhancing performance for training and inference across various distributed GPU cluster setups. This approach not only saves time but also ensures that users can achieve superior results with minimal effort.

DeepSeek R2 is the highly awaited successor to DeepSeek R1, an innovative AI reasoning model that made waves when it was introduced in January 2025 by the Chinese startup DeepSeek. This new version builds on the remarkable achievements of R1, which significantly altered the AI landscape by providing cost-effective performance comparable to leading models like OpenAI’s o1. R2 is set to offer a substantial upgrade in capabilities, promising impressive speed and reasoning abilities akin to that of a human, particularly in challenging areas such as complex coding and advanced mathematics. By utilizing DeepSeek’s cutting-edge Mixture-of-Experts architecture along with optimized training techniques, R2 is designed to surpass the performance of its predecessor while keeping computational demands low. Additionally, there are expectations that this model may broaden its reasoning skills to accommodate languages beyond just English, potentially increasing its global usability. The anticipation surrounding R2 highlights the ongoing evolution of AI technology and its implications for various industries.

Llama (Large Language Model Meta AI) stands as a cutting-edge foundational large language model aimed at helping researchers push the boundaries of their work within this area of artificial intelligence. By providing smaller yet highly effective models like Llama, the research community can benefit even if they lack extensive infrastructure, thus promoting greater accessibility in this dynamic and rapidly evolving domain. Creating smaller foundational models such as Llama is advantageous in the landscape of large language models, as it demands significantly reduced computational power and resources, facilitating the testing of innovative methods, confirming existing research, and investigating new applications. These foundational models leverage extensive unlabeled datasets, making them exceptionally suitable for fine-tuning across a range of tasks. We are offering Llama in multiple sizes (7B, 13B, 33B, and 65B parameters), accompanied by a detailed Llama model card that outlines our development process while adhering to our commitment to Responsible AI principles. By making these resources available, we aim to empower a broader segment of the research community to engage with and contribute to advancements in AI.

Utilize sophisticated coding and language models across a diverse range of applications. Harness the power of expansive generative AI models that possess an intricate grasp of both language and code, paving the way for enhanced reasoning and comprehension skills essential for developing innovative applications. These advanced models can be applied to multiple scenarios, including writing support, automatic code creation, and data reasoning. Moreover, ensure responsible AI practices by implementing measures to detect and mitigate potential misuse, all while benefiting from enterprise-level security features offered by Azure. With access to generative models pretrained on vast datasets comprising trillions of words, you can explore new possibilities in language processing, code analysis, reasoning, inferencing, and comprehension. Further personalize these generative models by using labeled datasets tailored to your unique needs through an easy-to-use REST API. Additionally, you can optimize your model's performance by fine-tuning hyperparameters for improved output accuracy. The few-shot learning functionality allows you to provide sample inputs to the API, resulting in more pertinent and context-aware outcomes. This flexibility enhances your ability to meet specific application demands effectively.

Grok-3, created by xAI, signifies a major leap forward in artificial intelligence technology, with aspirations to establish new standards in AI performance. This model is engineered as a multimodal AI, enabling it to interpret and analyze information from diverse channels such as text, images, and audio, thereby facilitating a more holistic interaction experience for users. Grok-3 is constructed on an unprecedented scale, utilizing tenfold the computational resources of its predecessor, harnessing the power of 100,000 Nvidia H100 GPUs within the Colossus supercomputer. Such remarkable computational capabilities are expected to significantly boost Grok-3's effectiveness across various domains, including reasoning, coding, and the real-time analysis of ongoing events by directly referencing X posts. With these advancements, Grok-3 is poised to not only surpass its previous iterations but also rival other prominent AI systems in the generative AI ecosystem, potentially reshaping user expectations and capabilities in the field. The implications of Grok-3's performance could redefine how AI is integrated into everyday applications, paving the way for more sophisticated technological solutions.

OLMo 2 represents a collection of completely open language models created by the Allen Institute for AI (AI2), aimed at giving researchers and developers clear access to training datasets, open-source code, reproducible training methodologies, and thorough assessments. These models are trained on an impressive volume of up to 5 trillion tokens and compete effectively with top open-weight models like Llama 3.1, particularly in English academic evaluations. A key focus of OLMo 2 is on ensuring training stability, employing strategies to mitigate loss spikes during extended training periods, and applying staged training interventions in the later stages of pretraining to mitigate weaknesses in capabilities. Additionally, the models leverage cutting-edge post-training techniques derived from AI2's Tülu 3, leading to the development of OLMo 2-Instruct models. To facilitate ongoing enhancements throughout the development process, an actionable evaluation framework known as the Open Language Modeling Evaluation System (OLMES) was created, which includes 20 benchmarks that evaluate essential capabilities. This comprehensive approach not only fosters transparency but also encourages continuous improvement in language model performance.

InstructGPT is a publicly available framework that enables the training of language models capable of producing natural language instructions based on visual stimuli. By leveraging a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model alongside the advanced object detection capabilities of Mask R-CNN, it identifies objects within images and formulates coherent natural language descriptions. This framework is tailored for versatility across various sectors, including robotics, gaming, and education; for instance, it can guide robots in executing intricate tasks through spoken commands or support students by offering detailed narratives of events or procedures. Furthermore, InstructGPT's adaptability allows it to bridge the gap between visual understanding and linguistic expression, enhancing interaction in numerous applications.

CodeGemma represents an impressive suite of efficient and versatile models capable of tackling numerous coding challenges, including middle code completion, code generation, natural language processing, mathematical reasoning, and following instructions. It features three distinct model types: a 7B pre-trained version designed for code completion and generation based on existing code snippets, a 7B variant fine-tuned for translating natural language queries into code and adhering to instructions, and an advanced 2B pre-trained model that offers code completion speeds up to twice as fast. Whether you're completing lines, developing functions, or crafting entire segments of code, CodeGemma supports your efforts, whether you're working in a local environment or leveraging Google Cloud capabilities. With training on an extensive dataset comprising 500 billion tokens predominantly in English, sourced from web content, mathematics, and programming languages, CodeGemma not only enhances the syntactical accuracy of generated code but also ensures its semantic relevance, thereby minimizing mistakes and streamlining the debugging process. This powerful tool continues to evolve, making coding more accessible and efficient for developers everywhere.

Introducing Mistral NeMo, our latest and most advanced small model yet, featuring a cutting-edge 12 billion parameters and an expansive context length of 128,000 tokens, all released under the Apache 2.0 license. Developed in partnership with NVIDIA, Mistral NeMo excels in reasoning, world knowledge, and coding proficiency within its category. Its architecture adheres to industry standards, making it user-friendly and a seamless alternative for systems currently utilizing Mistral 7B. To facilitate widespread adoption among researchers and businesses, we have made available both pre-trained base and instruction-tuned checkpoints under the same Apache license. Notably, Mistral NeMo incorporates quantization awareness, allowing for FP8 inference without compromising performance. The model is also tailored for diverse global applications, adept in function calling and boasting a substantial context window. When compared to Mistral 7B, Mistral NeMo significantly outperforms in understanding and executing detailed instructions, showcasing enhanced reasoning skills and the ability to manage complex multi-turn conversations. Moreover, its design positions it as a strong contender for multi-lingual tasks, ensuring versatility across various use cases.

RoBERTa enhances the language masking approach established by BERT, where the model is designed to predict segments of text that have been deliberately concealed within unannotated language samples. Developed using PyTorch, RoBERTa makes significant adjustments to BERT's key hyperparameters, such as eliminating the next-sentence prediction task and utilizing larger mini-batches along with elevated learning rates. These modifications enable RoBERTa to excel in the masked language modeling task more effectively than BERT, resulting in superior performance in various downstream applications. Furthermore, we examine the benefits of training RoBERTa on a substantially larger dataset over an extended duration compared to BERT, incorporating both existing unannotated NLP datasets and CC-News, a new collection sourced from publicly available news articles. This comprehensive approach allows for a more robust and nuanced understanding of language.

The multilingual T5 (mT5) is a highly versatile pretrained text-to-text transformer model, developed using a methodology akin to that of T5. This repository serves as a resource for replicating the findings outlined in the mT5 research paper. mT5 has been trained on the extensive mC4 corpus, which encompasses 101 different languages, including but not limited to Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Basque, Belarusian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Catalan, Cebuano, Chichewa, Chinese, Corsican, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Haitian Creole, Hausa, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lao, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Malagasy, Malay, Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian, Nepali, Norwegian, Pashto, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shona, Sindhi, and many others. This impressive range of languages makes mT5 a valuable tool for multilingual applications across various fields.

Pixtral Large is an expansive multimodal model featuring 124 billion parameters, crafted by Mistral AI and enhancing their previous Mistral Large 2 framework. This model combines a 123-billion-parameter multimodal decoder with a 1-billion-parameter vision encoder, allowing it to excel in the interpretation of various content types, including documents, charts, and natural images, all while retaining superior text comprehension abilities. With the capability to manage a context window of 128,000 tokens, Pixtral Large can efficiently analyze at least 30 high-resolution images at once. It has achieved remarkable results on benchmarks like MathVista, DocVQA, and VQAv2, outpacing competitors such as GPT-4o and Gemini-1.5 Pro. Available for research and educational purposes under the Mistral Research License, it also has a Mistral Commercial License for business applications. This versatility makes Pixtral Large a valuable tool for both academic research and commercial innovations.

Teuken-7B is a multilingual language model that has been developed as part of the OpenGPT-X initiative, specifically tailored to meet the needs of Europe's varied linguistic environment. This model has been trained on a dataset where over half consists of non-English texts, covering all 24 official languages of the European Union, which ensures it performs well across these languages. A significant advancement in Teuken-7B is its unique multilingual tokenizer, which has been fine-tuned for European languages, leading to enhanced training efficiency and lower inference costs when compared to conventional monolingual tokenizers. Users can access two versions of the model: Teuken-7B-Base, which serves as the basic pre-trained version, and Teuken-7B-Instruct, which has received instruction tuning aimed at boosting its ability to respond to user requests. Both models are readily available on Hugging Face, fostering an environment of transparency and collaboration within the artificial intelligence community while also encouraging further innovation. The creation of Teuken-7B highlights a dedication to developing AI solutions that embrace and represent the rich diversity found across Europe.

Instruction-following models like GPT-3.5 (text-DaVinci-003), ChatGPT, Claude, and Bing Chat have seen significant advancements in their capabilities, leading to a rise in their usage among individuals in both personal and professional contexts. Despite their growing popularity and integration into daily tasks, these models are not without their shortcomings, as they can sometimes disseminate inaccurate information, reinforce harmful stereotypes, and use inappropriate language. To effectively tackle these critical issues, it is essential for researchers and scholars to become actively involved in exploring these models further. However, conducting research on instruction-following models within academic settings has posed challenges due to the unavailability of models with comparable functionality to proprietary options like OpenAI’s text-DaVinci-003. In response to this gap, we are presenting our insights on an instruction-following language model named Alpaca, which has been fine-tuned from Meta’s LLaMA 7B model, aiming to contribute to the discourse and development in this field. This initiative represents a step towards enhancing the understanding and capabilities of instruction-following models in a more accessible manner for researchers.

Jamba stands out as the most potent and effective long context model, specifically designed for builders while catering to enterprise needs. With superior latency compared to other leading models of similar sizes, Jamba boasts a remarkable 256k context window, the longest that is openly accessible. Its innovative Mamba-Transformer MoE architecture focuses on maximizing cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Key features available out of the box include function calls, JSON mode output, document objects, and citation mode, all designed to enhance user experience. Jamba 1.5 models deliver exceptional performance throughout their extensive context window and consistently achieve high scores on various quality benchmarks. Enterprises can benefit from secure deployment options tailored to their unique requirements, allowing for seamless integration into existing systems. Jamba can be easily accessed on our robust SaaS platform, while deployment options extend to strategic partners, ensuring flexibility for users. For organizations with specialized needs, we provide dedicated management and continuous pre-training, ensuring that every client can leverage Jamba’s capabilities to the fullest. This adaptability makes Jamba a prime choice for enterprises looking for cutting-edge solutions.

We are excited to announce the launch of Phi-2, a language model featuring 2.7 billion parameters that excels in reasoning and language comprehension, achieving top-tier results compared to other base models with fewer than 13 billion parameters. In challenging benchmarks, Phi-2 competes with and often surpasses models that are up to 25 times its size, a feat made possible by advancements in model scaling and meticulous curation of training data. Due to its efficient design, Phi-2 serves as an excellent resource for researchers interested in areas such as mechanistic interpretability, enhancing safety measures, or conducting fine-tuning experiments across a broad spectrum of tasks. To promote further exploration and innovation in language modeling, Phi-2 has been integrated into the Azure AI Studio model catalog, encouraging collaboration and development within the research community. Researchers can leverage this model to unlock new insights and push the boundaries of language technology.

Gemma represents a collection of cutting-edge, lightweight open models that are built upon the same research and technology underlying the Gemini models. Created by Google DeepMind alongside various teams at Google, the inspiration for Gemma comes from the Latin word "gemma," which translates to "precious stone." In addition to providing our model weights, we are also offering tools aimed at promoting developer creativity, encouraging collaboration, and ensuring the ethical application of Gemma models. Sharing key technical and infrastructural elements with Gemini, which stands as our most advanced AI model currently accessible, Gemma 2B and 7B excel in performance within their weight categories when compared to other open models. Furthermore, these models can conveniently operate on a developer's laptop or desktop, demonstrating their versatility. Impressively, Gemma not only outperforms significantly larger models on crucial benchmarks but also maintains our strict criteria for delivering safe and responsible outputs, making it a valuable asset for developers.

Mistral Saba is an advanced model boasting 24 billion parameters, developed using carefully selected datasets from the Middle East and South Asia. It outperforms larger models—those more than five times its size—in delivering precise and pertinent responses, all while being notably faster and more cost-effective. Additionally, it serves as an excellent foundation for creating highly specialized regional adaptations. This model can be accessed via an API and is also capable of being deployed locally to meet customers' security requirements. Similar to the recently introduced Mistral Small 3, it is lightweight enough to operate on single-GPU systems, achieving response rates exceeding 150 tokens per second. Reflecting the deep cultural connections between the Middle East and South Asia, Mistral Saba is designed to support Arabic alongside numerous Indian languages, with a particular proficiency in South Indian languages like Tamil. This diverse linguistic capability significantly boosts its adaptability for multinational applications in these closely linked regions. Furthermore, the model’s design facilitates an easier integration into various platforms, enhancing its usability across different industries.

Sparrow serves as a research prototype and a demonstration project aimed at enhancing the training of dialogue agents to be more effective, accurate, and safe. By instilling these attributes within a generalized dialogue framework, Sparrow improves our insights into creating agents that are not only safer but also more beneficial, with the long-term ambition of contributing to the development of safer and more effective artificial general intelligence (AGI). Currently, Sparrow is not available for public access. The task of training conversational AI presents unique challenges, particularly due to the complexities involved in defining what constitutes a successful dialogue. To tackle this issue, we utilize a method of reinforcement learning (RL) that incorporates feedback from individuals, which helps us understand their preferences regarding the usefulness of different responses. By presenting participants with various model-generated answers to identical questions, we gather their opinions on which responses they find most appealing, thus refining our training process. This feedback loop is crucial for enhancing the performance and reliability of dialogue agents.

OpenELM is a family of open-source language models created by Apple. By employing a layer-wise scaling approach, it effectively distributes parameters across the transformer model's layers, resulting in improved accuracy when compared to other open language models of a similar scale. This model is trained using datasets that are publicly accessible and is noted for achieving top-notch performance relative to its size. Furthermore, OpenELM represents a significant advancement in the pursuit of high-performing language models in the open-source community.

This repository showcases the research preview of LongLLaMA, an advanced large language model that can manage extensive contexts of up to 256,000 tokens or potentially more. LongLLaMA is developed on the OpenLLaMA framework and has been fine-tuned utilizing the Focused Transformer (FoT) technique. The underlying code for LongLLaMA is derived from Code Llama. We are releasing a smaller 3B base variant of the LongLLaMA model, which is not instruction-tuned, under an open license (Apache 2.0), along with inference code that accommodates longer contexts available on Hugging Face. This model's weights can seamlessly replace LLaMA in existing systems designed for shorter contexts, specifically those handling up to 2048 tokens. Furthermore, we include evaluation results along with comparisons to the original OpenLLaMA models, thereby providing a comprehensive overview of LongLLaMA's capabilities in the realm of long-context processing.

In honor of Cleopatra, whose magnificent fate concluded amidst the tragic incident involving a snake, we are excited to introduce Codestral Mamba, a Mamba2 language model specifically designed for code generation and released under an Apache 2.0 license. Codestral Mamba represents a significant advancement in our ongoing initiative to explore and develop innovative architectures. It is freely accessible for use, modification, and distribution, and we aspire for it to unlock new avenues in architectural research. The Mamba models are distinguished by their linear time inference capabilities and their theoretical potential to handle sequences of infinite length. This feature enables users to interact with the model effectively, providing rapid responses regardless of input size. Such efficiency is particularly advantageous for enhancing code productivity; therefore, we have equipped this model with sophisticated coding and reasoning skills, allowing it to perform competitively with state-of-the-art transformer-based models. As we continue to innovate, we believe Codestral Mamba will inspire further advancements in the coding community.

Grok 3 Think, the newest version of xAI's AI model, aims to significantly improve reasoning skills through sophisticated reinforcement learning techniques. It possesses the ability to analyze intricate issues for durations ranging from mere seconds to several minutes, enhancing its responses by revisiting previous steps, considering different options, and fine-tuning its strategies. This model has been developed on an unparalleled scale, showcasing outstanding proficiency in various tasks, including mathematics, programming, and general knowledge, and achieving notable success in competitions such as the American Invitational Mathematics Examination. Additionally, Grok 3 Think not only yields precise answers but also promotes transparency by enabling users to delve into the rationale behind its conclusions, thereby establishing a new benchmark for artificial intelligence in problem-solving. Its unique approach to transparency and reasoning offers users greater trust and understanding of AI decision-making processes.