Best Layer 1 Protocols in Europe

The Root Network is more than just a Blockchain. It enables seamless interoperability of assets and user experience across the open metaverse. Our Layer 1 blockchain, which is responsible for validating transactions, maintaining the integrity of ledgers, and executing smart contracts, is designed to provide a seamless experience for metaverse applications. Scalable L2 tech futureproofs the network for its continued success and growth. The Root Network uses a network-of-networks architecture that leverages our Layer 1 chain's security. Create digital assets and tokens that can be exchanged and used across different applications, experiences, and destinations in the metaverse.

Wire offers a large developer community, easy registration, and resources allocated for business workflows. Wire provides bridgeless interoperability across chains. Up to 112,000 transactions a second with block times of 500 milliseconds. The network is expanding based on the growth of users, and there is room for internet. Wire is an open-source chain with public governance. Wire Network uses an innovative Appointed Proof of Stake model (APoS), which is an evolution from Delegated Proof of Stake. It also incorporates the Universal Polymorphic Address Protocol, which when paired up with name service smart contract on each layer-1 chain can enhance interoperability between different blockchains similar to how HTTP standardized Internet communication. Wire Network is a paradigm shift for blockchain technology. It offers partition-resistant networking, distributed storage, and serverless computing within a trustless computing system.

Web3 and AI based OS are the new innovative and sustainable operating system that combines cyber security with quantum proofing in order to create affordable and sustainable solutions for the future. We are a modern enterprise that is committed to the development of a secure and decentralized operating system. Unique and immutable node to identify each user across multiple applications. Utilizing cutting-edge AI and Web3 to enable transparency and security. We aim to provide a futuristic and sophisticated collection of decentralized operating systems, applications, and software to replace the traditional OS and its subsequent applications.

Sei is pushing the boundaries of blockchain technologies through open-source development. This opens up a new design space for consumer applications. Sei's Blockchain is built on a battle-tested architecture that ensures a reliable, secure environment for your project. Sei's Blockchain supports vast scalability allowing your projects to grow without performance limitations. Sei is designed for adaptability and evolution, ensuring that your projects stay at the forefront of blockchain technology. Sei is an ideal platform for creating groundbreaking applications that support the latest trends and innovations within blockchain. Sei's commitment towards carbon neutrality makes the platform the ideal choice for environmentally conscious Blockchain development.

The XRP Ledger - The Blockchain Built for Business The XRP Ledger is a public, decentralized blockchain that is led by a community of global businesses and developers who are looking to solve problems and add value. The XRPL has been proven reliable for more than a year of error-free operation. It offers streamlined development and low transaction costs. It also offers high performance and sustainability. You can build with confidence and move your most important projects forward. The XRP Ledger, a public decentralized blockchain designed for business, is a decentralized system. The ledger's peer-to-peer management network is open to all. The XRP Ledger, which is managed by software engineers, servers operators, users and businesses, is a global community that works to solve problems and create value.

Crypto is fragmented, but it does not need to be. For the first time ever, you can build projects, exchange assets, and create value on the same hyper-performant blockchain. HyperBFT consensus is the foundation of Hyperliquid L1, which allows a diverse set of nodes to agree on the current state of the world. The state includes all applications, including those built as native components or the HyperEVM. The Hyper Foundation has announced that it will be launching a genesis distribution for its native token HYPE. This foundation was established to support the Hyperliquid blockchain development and ecosystem. This initiative marks an important step towards implementing proof of stake consensus and launching HyperEVM on layer-1's mainnet. Hyperliquid's flagship app is a decentralized trading system that provides on-chain liquidity to a variety of assets. HyperEVM will allow applications built on Hyperliquid to access this extensive liquidity.

Somnia is a high performance, EVM compatible Layer 1 blockchain that supports real-time mass-consumer apps such as gaming, social platform, and metaverses. IceDB and its novel multistream consensus system, which allows for over 400,000 transactions to be processed per second, with a sub-second finality. This ensures ultra-low transaction costs. Somnia's architecture enables developers to use existing EVM codebases and tools, facilitating rapid development and seamless integration. Somnia introduces reactive primitives into Solidity to enable the creation of on-chain applications which can respond in real time to data changes and events. This creates a new category of decentralized applications. The platform's focus is on scalability, affordability, and user sovereignty. It can be used to build complex on-chain game, social networks, or fully on-chain Metaverses.

BlockGuard is an integrated suite of secure Decentralized Finance (DeFi) solutions designed to bridge the gap that exists between traditional finance and DeFi. BlockGuard includes a Layer 1 Blockchain, BlockGuard Network, a user-friendly digital Wallet called Fusio Wallet and a portfolio management system called Fusio Portfolio. It also features two tokens that enable connections and investments within the DeFi space. BlockGuard's goal is to make DeFi more accessible to a wider audience by facilitating the transition to decentralized solutions.

Solana is a fast and secure blockchain that can withstand censorship. It provides the open infrastructure necessary for global adoption. Solana is the platform that has been chosen by the best projects in DeFi, Web3 and blockchain gaming to be built on for the long-term. Solana can process 50k transactions every second. We don't think so. To experience Solana's speed, stress test the network. Say goodbye to slow confirmations and high fees. Solana is designed for speed without compromises. Solana uses Proof of History and other innovative innovations to scale the network at Moore's Law speed. Don't worry about fees rising as your user base increases. Solana is designed for applications that have billions of users to keep fees low. Solana's single global status ensures that projects can be connected. Never deal with multiple layers 2 or shards.

Cardano is a platform for innovators, changemakers, and visionaries. It provides the tools and technologies needed to create opportunity for all and bring about positive global changes. Cardano is a proof of stake blockchain platform. It was founded on peer-reviewed research, and developed using evidence-based methods. It uses cutting-edge technologies to provide unprecedented security and sustainability for decentralized applications, systems, as well as societies. Cardano is a team of leading engineers that works together to redistribute power away from unaccountable structures to individuals and to be an enabling force for progress and positive change. Cardano restores trust in global systems by using science to create a more secure, transparent and sustainable foundation for individuals to transact, exchange, systems to govern, as well as enterprises to grow.

Security-focused. Upgradable. Built to last. Tezos is an open source platform for assets and applications that is supported by a global network of validators, researchers, builders, and other developers. Tezos addresses the key barriers to blockchain adoption: smart contract safety, long term upgradability, open participation, and long-term upgradability. Tezos is designed for high-value assets and other use cases. Its native smart contract language Michelson facilitates formal verification. This is a common method used in mission-critical environments like the aerospace, nuclear and semiconductor industries. Tezos' modular architecture allows the network to quickly adopt and propose new technological innovations as they arise. These features, along with Tezos' online invoicing mechanism, allow the protocol to stay at the forefront of technology for many years to come -- without compromising community consensus.

The Internet of Blockchains. Cosmos is an expanding ecosystem of interconnected apps, services and apps that are designed for a decentralized future. Discover a new world of connected services. Cosmos apps and services can connect using IBC, an Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol. This innovation allows you to freely exchange data and assets across sovereign decentralized blockchains. The Cosmos Hub serves as the economic heart of Cosmos and provides vital services to the Interchain. The next-generation decentralized exchange will allow you to swap digital assets across the Interchain with very low fees and instant transaction verification. ATOM will soon have the ability to secure many chains with the Interchain Staking feature. In exchange for additional rewards, The Hub's core mission is to connect chains through IBC connections with compatible chains, and operate decentralized bridges with chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin.

Harmony is a fast and open blockchain. Our mainnet runs Ethereum applications at a speed of two seconds and with 100 times lower fees. Harmony's secure bridges allow cross-chain asset transfers between Ethereum, Binance, and other chains. Harmony is a platform that allows creators to connect with the community. Harmony's bridges are able to connect any Proof of Work and Proof of Stake chains. FlyClient architecture is completely trustless and extremely gas-efficient. Our bridges for Ethereum or Binance Smart Chain currently secure tens to millions of cross-chain assets. Developers can simply change the Chain ID to enjoy faster executions of EVMs identical at bytecode level. They can easily migrate to Harmony using their familiar Web3 tooling. What about users? Users can use MetaMask and Ledger as usual, but they will now only have to pay minimal fees. Any Ethereum portal or wallet can work on Harmony without any code modifications or new installs.

Zilliqa leverages on its silicon-smooth, cost-effective, and speedy blockchain platform to transform digital infrastructure in all global communities. We are committed to providing a secure and scalable platform for developers and businesses who want to create decentralized applications. The unique application of sharding enables the blockchain to scale linearly. This allows Zilliqa to scale to meet the growing needs of an ecosystem of miners, applications, and users. Scilla, the first smart contract language that has been peer reviewed and is safe-by-design, powers Zilliqa. It is more friendly to formal verification and static checks by using functional programming design principles (as with OCaml). The ecological footprint of mining has been greatly reduced by Zilliqa's consensus mechanism. Mining ZIL takes only 1 minute of every 2-3 hours. This allows one to simultaneously mine other chains.

The blockchain development platform. Neo offers a full set of features right out of the box but doesn't limit you. Native functionality gives you all the infrastructure needed to build complete decentralized apps, while advanced interoperability lets you harness the power and potential of the global blockchain ecosystem. Neo's unique dual token model separates utility and governance. NEO token holders can participate in governance and are the owners of the network. Passive distribution of the network utility token GAS is also available to NEO holders - No staking required. Voting participation earns you more GAS rewards. GAS can be used to pay network fees, smart contract deployments and in dApp purchase.

A complete open-source P2P app framework. Local trust circles provide data integrity without central authorities. Holochain delivers on the promises of blockchain using a mix of proven tech that offers self-owned data and a distributed database. It also provides peer accountability. Holochain is a solution to the dominant centralized Internet systems. It protects our freedom to make our own decisions and provides reliable information that we can trust. This is what we call a "digital agency" and we believe it will help us all face today's complex problems together.

Hedera is owned by some of the most respected organizations in the world. Hedera is the most widely used enterprise-grade network that allows you to create your digital world. HBAR, the native, energy-efficient cryptocurrency from Hedera that powers decentralized economies, is called Hedera's HBAR. Hedera is open to all, regardless of whether you are a startup, an enterprise, or a consumer. It goes beyond the blockchain for developers to create the next generation of fast, fair and secure applications. Bitcoin was the first to use decentralized infrastructure, and Ethereum introduced programmability. However, proof-of-work blockchains of the past consume huge amounts of energy and take a long time to process transactions in order achieve acceptable levels security. These technologies consume a lot of bandwidth and can charge high fees even for a simple transaction. The Hedera proof of-stake public network powered by hashgraph consensus achieves the highest level of security (ABFT).

IOTA has fundamentally reengineered distributed leadger technology. This allows secure exchange of value and data without any fees. Tangle, an open, free and scalable distributed ledger developed by IOTA, is designed to facilitate frictionless data and value exchange. IOTA is the first distributed ledger designed for the "Internet of Everything", a network that allows data and value to be exchanged between humans and machines. No blocks. No miners. Two transactions are validated when you send an IOTA transaction. This allows IOTA overcome the limitations of blockchain's cost and scalability. IOTA is a network that supports the Internet of Things. It has tamper-proof data and micro transactions that are free. It also requires very little resource.

A new blockchain and smart transaction platform that is more efficient, secure, and easier to use. We believe cryptocurrency should be more accessible than cash, easier to lose, and almost impossible to steal. Anyone who needs to validate transactions should have the ability to farm without a lot of hardware or electricity. Bram Cohen, the creator of BitTorrent, has created Chia Network, a blockchain and smart transaction platform. It implements the first ever new Nakamoto consensus algorithm, since Bitcoin in 2008. It implements the first new Nakamoto consensus algorithm since Bitcoin in 2008. It will make cryptocurrency more accessible than cash. Refer to the following smart transactions: Colored coins and rate-limited wallets.

Ardor is a multichain, multichain blockchain platform that uses a unique parent-child chain architecture. The parent Ardor chain provides security for the entire network, while interoperable child chains provide rich functionality. This elegant design and the ability to grant permissions to multiple users is key to the flexibility needed for a variety use cases. It also opens the door to mainstream adoption of blockchain technology. Not only that - Ardor is created with scalability in mind and solves many existing industry problems such as blockchain bloat, single token dependency and the need for easily customizable-yet-compatible blockchain solutions.

DeSo is a layer-1 blockchain that was built from the ground up in order to scale social applications to one million users. Social applications generate a lot data that existing blockchains cannot store or index. DeSo was built from scratch to scale one the largest untapped markets for blockchain: Social Media. 100% of all code, data, and content are completely open source. All content is stored on-chain. Why DeSo? Scale. It is the only blockchain specifically designed to scale decentralized social applications. DeSo's native cryptocurrency is $DESO. It can be used to buy social tokens, NFTs, create profiles and posts, give "diamonds", and much more.

Ergo builds advanced cryptographic capabilities and radically new DeFi functionality based on the solid foundations of a decade of blockchain theory, development, and theory. Ergo draws upon ten years of blockchain experience, as well as peer-reviewed academic research on cryptography, consensus models, and digital currencies. We start with solid blockchain foundations and then implement new and powerful cryptography natively. Our core development team has extensive experience with cryptocurrencies and blockchain frameworks such as Nxt, Scorex, and Waves. We also have a lean approach that allows us to prioritize new features and requirements quickly.

BTG is a cryptocurrency that uses Bitcoin fundamentals and can be mined on common GPUs rather than specialty ASICs. ASICs tends to monopolize mining to a handful of big players, but GPU mining allows anyone to mine again - restoring decentralization. GPU mining rewards are distributed to individuals around the world, rather than to ASIC warehouse owners. This creates the same network effects as Bitcoin. Lighting Network extends Bitcoin Gold, routing nearly unlimited payments per second. This is an example a "second layer" solution that lives atop the main Blockchain. Side chains and second layers allow technologies such as smart contracts to run at lightning fast speeds, which is protected by the underlying BTG mainchain. BTG is a blockchain that is compatible with Bitcoin (with SegWit, Lightning Network), but does not require the use of Bitcoin hashpower.

Seele is powered with anti-asic MPoW algorithm for high throughput concurrency and Seele Sharding Technology. 2000 TPS are available in the Seele mainnet currently as a start point and can be scaled as demand increases. Seele is fully compatible with EVM smart contracts. MPoW (Matrix-Proof-of-Work), an innovative PoW consensus algorithm developed by SeeleTech and implemented in Seele's main-net. MPoW is a more complex PoW consensus algorithm than the conventional one. It requires miners to calculate the determinants from sub-matrices using a matrix that has n hashes, other than brute force-hashing. They also need to use a hash function in order to find the target. It is composed of several steps that can effectively prevent ASIC and GPU dominating the network.

Litecoin, a peer to peer Internet currency, allows instant, almost-zero-cost payments to anyone around the globe. Litecoin, a global open-source payment network, is completely decentralized and does not have any central authorities. Mathematical security ensures that the network is secure and allows individuals to manage their finances. Litecoin has a faster transaction confirmation time and better storage efficiency than any other math-based currency. Litecoin, which has substantial industry support, trade volume, and liquidity, is a solid medium of commerce that complements Bitcoin. Wallet encryption lets you secure your wallet so you can view transactions and balance. However, you will need to enter your password to spend litecoins. This protects you from trojans and wallet-stealing viruses, and also allows you to perform a sanity test before sending payments.