I did not intend to call you out in my comment but I have seen lot of selective quotations from the Constitution that seem to bend and twist it to say something it does not. My only hope was to try and keep things in context.
I think Moofie was commenting on a another poster's wish that the Constitution should only apply to citizens. I don't get the sense he was trying to claim that non-citizens shared all the rights enjoyed by citizens. As you pointed out this is definitely not the case. For instance, only a citizen can vote or hold public office and only a citizen is required to serve on a jury.
When it comes to securing protections the Constitution is clear in its application to all people under its jurisdiction, citizen or not(with very limited exceptions). In passing this law Arizona is setting itself up, perhaps purposefully, for some serious legal battles. In asserting authority on immigration matters they are opening themselves up to a Federal challenge. By compelling and empowering police to demand a person prove he has a legitimate reason to be in the country, Arizona opens itself up to civil rights scrutiny. Due to the scope of this law the state must demonstrate that the need for order is balanced with the protection of individual liberties.
I agree that immigration is a very serious concern for the nation and especially for the border states. There is near universal consensus that something needs to be done but there is a great deal of disagreement over what and how. Personally, I am uncomfortable with the idea of being required prove my citizenship. This is probably because I am a stubborn ass and hate being told what to do.
There are a number of components of this bill I do like and would likely be useful in solving the problem. Section 6 lists the penalties businesses face for knowingly hiring or subcontracting unauthorized aliens. I do not see anything in this section that seems unreasonable or controversial. Business owners may see it differently but they must be part of the solution. Since people are drawn here to work it makes sense that encouraging business to play by the rules will solve much of the illegal problem on its own. I think this is also where Arizona has the most authority as it has a great deal of influence in regulating the business in the state.