Comment Re:So, what is the digit in decimal? (Score 1) 299
BTW, the link I provided is to an article about Bailey's formula.
We only know how to calculate it in binary (or any base that is a power of 2). You can't convert to decimal without know all the rest of the digits.
Parent is correct, digits of pi can be calculated independently in base 2, 4, 8, 16 or 2^n since the 1990s. So, it is possible to calculate the 2,000,000,000,000,000th number of pi without calculating the digits before that one. Now, if we want to calculate the digit in decimal (or converse the binary digit to decimal), we need to calculate all of the two-quadrillion digits. Knowing this digit is in itself not very interesting.
Except the people who think they're being cleaver and claim that "pure communism" was supposed to be Libertarian Socialism, aka "Anarchism." it wasn't. Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx were arch-rivals in the First Internationale over this issue, and Marxism, slightly refined by Lenin and Trotsky, and established by the Bolsheviks in the Soviet Union was the real McCoy.
Communism is a "social system based on collective ownership". The word is originally French, existing since the 12th century. Victor d’Hupay was in 1785 the first (afaik) to use the word in its modern meaning. Marxism (19th century) is one form of communism, the form which redefines communism as "social/political system based on state ownership". "Pure communism" is the end goal of Marxism, a free state which they tried to reach by installing a dictatorship... (Sorry - as an anarchistic communist I had to try to be "cleaver".)
No I'm not. You are confusing the first and second incompleteness theorems.
OK, you made me read your post again.
(incidentally you forgot the assumptions Godel made for 2), showing that for example, there are consistent maths, we just don't use them, as they're not infinite, and not "generally useful" whatever that means)
There are indeed limited mathematics which are built upon first order logic and which are consistent and complete. They can even be infinite, if you allow for an infinite number of axioms by using an axiom scheme. But they are not strong enough to express arithmetics.
Additionally you forget the followup proofs, there are no consistent theories that can prove the consistency of "meaningful" mathematics (ie. +, -, *,
Using nothing but logic, one can build two kinds of mathematics which are strong enough (i.e. being of second order) to express arithmetics:
1) consistent (but incomplete) ones,
2) inconsistent ones - you say that all mathematics is inconsistent, but that is just plain wrong. Unless if one uses a paraconsistent logic to prevent the ex falso sequitur quodlibet, inconsistent mathematics is trivially complete, because all well-formed formulas would be true.
3) Gödel proves that the third kind, mathematics which are complete AND consistent do not exist.
3') One could consider mathematical theories of which we do not know if they are consistent or not as a third kind of mathematics, I don't know if anybody has ever constructed a mathematical system of which it can be proven that it is undecidable wether it is consistent or not (sounds like a nice project actually.)
So really math is not consistent (if something cannot be proved, even if not actually disproved, you cannot reasonably say that it *is*, because it isn't). You can NOT say that math (arithmetic) is consistent, that's WRONG. You *can* say it's inconsistent
You are confusing "consistency" with "completeness".
(if you've proven, correctly, that a plane can never be observed flying, is it really such a stretch to say that it's going to crash when it's haning up in the air and time is frozen ?).
I have no clue what you are talking about.
This is also not the sole problem with numbers. There are all sorts of unsolved paradoxes with even the natural number "infinite". (more general there are paradoxes that apply to any collection with infinite elements)
Yes, that's why there is a movement called finitism in maths.
And this is talking about *just* natural numbers. rational numbers and, God help us, real numbers have much, much worse problems than mere doubts. It is known that rational numbers are inconsistent, and real numbers cannot be proven to even exist. There are no known ways to construct real numbers that are not simple extensions of rational numbers.
Of course the existence of real numbers can be proved: take a triangle with a 90 angle & with both legs on that angle having a length of 1. Then the length of the third leg is a real number, SQR(2). It is easy to proof that SQR(2) is not integer nor rational. Now, defining and constructing real numbers is harder and there are non-standard mathematics which try to address the problems you hint at.
Yes, there is a name for a theory which hasn't yet been tested: hypothesis.
A hypothesis is the starting point. A theory is the hypothesis and everything which follows from it. The hypothesis can be true or false, a theory can also be true or false.
So really math is not consistent (if something cannot be proved, even if not actually disproved, you cannot reasonably say that it *is*, because it isn't).
You are confusing "consistency" with "completeness".
I miss dinking around with a nice 6502 system.
Start playing with ARM then, its design was somewhat inspired by the 65xx series and there are plenty of affordable ARM-based systems available.
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law. -- Aleister Crowley
François Rabelais wrote that already in the first half of the 16th century in his book "Gargantua", chapter LIV.
maybe if linux users were not just all anti-copyright thieves and pirates, [...]
Hi, I am a Linux user and I am anti-copyright and anti-"Intellectual Property" in general. But I have never stolen anything nor raided any ships. Oh, you mean illegal copying of software... Well, since I use Linux I do not need to make illegal copies, nor do I have the time for that because free software is released at such a fast rate that I have no hope to learn to use all of it in my lifetime. (Apologies for feeding the troll.)
I tell them to turn to the study of mathematics, for it is only there that they might escape the lusts of the flesh. -- Thomas Mann, "The Magic Mountain"