10 to 1000 atoms per cubic meter is really deep vacuum and it means we could get interstellar travel by going really fast, continuously accelerating with a cyclotron drive to close to speed of light, say 80%, then turn to decelerating halfway there.

Your arguments are sound. A lot of stuff out there would mean a blue sky everywhere, as gases do Rayleigh scattering of light. And once you go past our atmosphere, the rest of the Universe is black, not blue, the blue sky disappears, therefore there is deep vacuum everywhere, or at least small particle free space, and then you have to invent something else that is particle free but present in vacuum and retards photons compared to neutrinos, such as gravity, or dark energy, or whatnot.

Photons interact a lot with "subspace" vacuum and get delayed, but neutrinos do not, or not to the same extent. If you're absolutely certain that neutrinos can oscillate, and there are different kinds that can turn into each other, then having two pulses does not make sense if they were both from the same event, as any different neutrinos should have oscillated into each other and be indistinguishable. One question, when we talk of photons, it's hard to talk about polarization, but we know light is a transverse wave and polarized. Obviously neutrinos have an associated wave-particle duality to them, just like everything else, and do we know what kind of waves they are? Longitudinal, or transverse? If they are transverse waves, then there could be neutrino polarization, and just like with light birefringence in a calcite crystal, where an incoming uniformly random polarized wave splits into a fast and a slow beam, based on polarization, so if the space between us and the supernova is anisotropic in any sense, such as gravity pointing in certain direction throughout, and neutrinos be polarized transverse waves, then there could be a fast and a slow wave with them, but not so with the light wave, unless they had polarized light receptors and have info on the polarization makeup of the light received vs. time (and this would be low intensity for a while, then intensity doubling when the slow beam arrives too and adds to the fast one, as light emission was continuous with a slow decay, but the neutrino came in pulses.) So if gravity affects the speed of light, and affects it in a birefringent way, it may also affect the speed of neutrinos, if they are transverse polarized, in a birefringent way too, and then none of the signals really arrived at the speed of light, but slower, as in a calcite crystal even the fast wave still has a reduced speed from true speed of light.

By the way I still don't comprehend the concept of how a uniformly polarized beam decides to split into two in a calcite crystal, instead of a spread spectrum, like how does a wave just below 44.9 degrees decide to go with one beam, then one at 45.1 degrees with the other beam, or is that the cutoff point, the math must be really complicated, but a lot of XIX century mathematicians well versed in such things would probably have no problem explaining why.

Also, looking at the double slit experiments, an electron is a wave that passes through both holes, then it decides to collapse at some point on the screen, how does a wave decide to become a particle, or even if not a particle, an interaction, in effect we have no particles, just waves, and they interact at given points, sometimes within very strict limits on location, such as a particle trace in a cloud chamber, sometimes in very random locations, such as where an electron collapses on a screen after having passed through a double slit. Many double slits in series of course would confine the electron to a linear path too, just like a cloud chamber cloud does, if the electron found a way to not interact with the walls in series, a sort of filtering effect. One that interacts with the wall off angle through diffraction then changes its mind and returns to being an electron on the original straight path, would be like the particle going through the cloud chamber, leaving a trail along its path, as only the electric charged ones leave a trail, but electric field interactions can be thought of as Feyman interaction particle exchanges, not as a continuum, but interaction particle abundance with a certain probability function description, and so can other "field interactions" like gravity through gravitons. There is different ways of looking at the same problem, and, like descriptions of the same phenomenon of heat transfer through flow of caloric and kinetic molecular theory both work until we find a fault with one of the descriptions, such as caloric can be generated by mechanical motion, and is not a conserved quantity, so it has no use as a concept compared to mechanical motion being heat. In the wave-particle duality there might be a similar debacle where one concept does not fit with reality, and things such as particles might have to be abandoned, and everything be thought of as a wave that decides to collapse and interact and whatever point it decides to do so, and the best description we have of where it decides to do so is a quantum statistical one - but there might be a way to measure and predict why and where such a things should and would happen, even if not practically - but at least in concept. As in practically would require measuring on the order of 10^23 atoms, and even so it's not the atoms doing it, but something in subspace vacuum that fluctuates, We don't really understand the structure of vacuum.

I can barely keep my eyes open again. Still haven't read up on neutrino detectors

The best solution to any problems the world faces is not rules, regulations, but technology. You have to make the price of running nuclear (or even renewable) origin liquid ammonia fuel cell powered vehicles that emit no organic carbon scents low enough to compete. By the way, I never got a chance to respond to another slashdot posting, citing sodium metal, and sodamide as an economic way to crack ammonia back to its elements, citing ruthenium, the most efficient catalyst, is too costly. Well, hello, as far as I know the Haber-Bosch process uses reduced iron oxide catalyst, and one of the prime rules of catalysis, is that a catalyst does not change the equilibrium constants, it only lowers the activation energy, the temperature required for a process to happen, and whatever catalyst is best at driving a reaction forward, is usually also the best in driving it backward, so why you need to mess with sodium metal or ruthenium when you can just use simple Haber-Bosch catalyst? If a hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is what you're after, but that mixture may not be a well combusting one, as the extra nitrogen might dilute the combusting air mix to below the explosive limit. I'm too lazy to look it up now, let's just say ammonia is not combustible, and even if cracked ammonia is combustible, the situation is similar to adding 10% ethanol to gasoline giving you less miles than if you just bought 90% straight 100% gasoline, and ran with that, being a Carnot-cycle high temperature achieved efficiency issue. In fact running pure oxygen from a cylinder plus straight gas gets you much better mileage than running air plus gasoline, and similarly, running pure oxygen and pure hydrogen into a car engine is much more efficient, than running air and hydrogen, let alone running air and cracked ammonia hydrogen+nitrogen. The energy in ammonia is there, you just have to know how to get to it, and combusting it is not the answer, but fuel cells can get the 60% efficiency per gram of hydrogen supplied, almost irrespective if diluted or not with hydrogen, while an internal combustion engine has to heat the inert nitrogen too. (Stirling cycle engine-like copper-gauze recouperators can be used to recover nitrogen waste heat from a fuel cell, but recouperators don't really have a place inside an internal combustion piston, the deadweight of extra nitrogen there directly driving down the high temperature achieved during explosion number of the Carnot cycle efficiency formula, devastating the efficiency numbers.) Of course the best solution is a hybrid, one that has a lithium ion battery that'll take you 5-10 minutes on a commute, and if you run out of that, then the ammonia fuel cell kicks in, but you can probably not make a fully electric car economical and have a long driving range of hours and hours too. Unfortunately for a fuel cell iron catalyst probably does not work well, as it has to be something that allows the hydrogen through the metal, and ionization of it at the interface, such as a platinum or palladium coating on a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P... proton conductor such as a Nafion membrane. However, microholes in an iron membrane similar to those developed for micron filtration via electron beams, or a nanothin film of iron oxide reduced to iron, or mixture of nickel-iron, such coatings might work well enough instead of platinum. Carbon black and charcoal are typical replacement in catalysis where platinum is unavailable, so simply carburizing the nafion membrane surface with a flame or some similar plastic that chars better than nafion might work, also adding iron or nickel or cobalt or whatnot compounds to the surface can get you a platinumless low temperature fuel cell. You're also talking a nano-thin film of platinum, and the amount is so small, that, say 80 bux may cover a dozen square meters, and that's not too high a cost when you consider new car costs are never under 10 grand anymore. For a moped or 2-cycle engine gasoline bicycle you could probably not afford a liquid ammonia handling fuel system at say 50 bux platinum plus 5 cubic feet of fuel cell, which is too big to lug around on a bicycle, but no problem for 50 cubic feet of light fuel cell membranes in a car, mostly underbody. Low temperature fuel cells are preferred, but in need high temperature solid oxide fuel cells would work without any catalysts, in low fuel cell volume per horsepower, but the problem is that the yttria stabilized zirconia ceramic solid oxide conducting ceramic membrane cracks like any ceramic on thermal cycling, and needs frequent replacement, just like the zirconia oxygen sensors in your car, imagine having to replace your fuel cell, the heart of the car, every time you had to replace an oxygen sensor. Intermediate temperature molten phosphates may also work, with gentle catalysts, but the potassium hydroxide fuel cell as used on the Shuttle is extremely sensitive to any kind of impurities in the fuel, such as carbon dioxide, or other impurities, but it made economical sense on the Shuttle because ultrapure hydrogen and oxygen could be guaranteed there, but usually it does not make economical sense anywhere else, especially if your oxidizer is air, which is what it is, as no car is gonna carry ultrapure liquid oxygen around just to run a KOH alkaline fuel cell (and imagine the accidents in liquid oxygen spilling gas stations, with ammonia at least you hold your breath and run, but liquid oxygen is cooooold, and requires constant boiling bleed-off to keep cool, and it can explode with huge force if the temperature cannot be held cold, while liquid ammonia does not need to be kept cold while liquid, the pressure is very moderate.)

What a waste of flowering plants and flower sucking bugs golf is.

I don't think you're being gouged. Germany, striving for energy independence, has had a policy of paying some enormous amount, like 50 cents/kWh guaranteed by the government to anyone who's able to supply renewable energy to the grid (this means solar or wind,) which made it very easy to finance huge solar installations, because there was a price guarantee, and the breakeven point for solar panels is probably near 35 cents/kWh, while coal fired plants can get you 5 cents/kWh + distribution cost (i.e. power lines, transformers, meters, etc., which is at least another 7 cents/kWh.) This 50 cent or something around that range move was done to achieve energy independence, in anticipation of an energy crunch world where energy prices might hit $2-$5/kWh, such as global war, global black plague, etc. (The Prince Merchant DOS game has a feature that when the plague hits Venice, the prices skyrocket, so it's an excellent time to make money, but you have a chance of losing your trading crew and vessels to the plague.) Now Da Man, thought about it, and decided to send the German energy market into a free spiral downward, as the last thing the world needs is another energy independent united Germany wearing Prussian dick-spiked metal helmets, marching in formation with the Nazi salute and a rifle on the shoulder, in front of tanks, chanting Deutschland, Deutschland Uber Alles! It's kinda too late now, because people know the innards of renewable power, so everything installed has to be attacked and dismantled, and people made to forget how it's done, so you're talking at least 40 years of folk memory erasing effort, or 2050 before the effects of this energy independence 50 cents/kWh government push can be fully remedied and rectified. But 50 years is a long time, and the only way to maintain stability, is to build lots of nuke plants, but now you end up with a Germany with a bunch of nuke plants? That's not a safe idea either. I think the safest things would be nuke plants in North Africa, far enough away, through HVDC, because you can't put solar panels in North Africa and tell the Germans to take their own solar and windmills down. Switzerland for all the nuke plants supplying all of Germany and Italy? Or Russia, and play shut electricity off games like they do with natural gas these days? Switzerland does not have ports for fuel imports, but, as it's so energy dense, even flying the fuel from Canada or Australia or Congo would make sense. But it's too small a country surrounded by a lot of common folk countries like France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, Netherlands. And it's hard to live up to neutrality principles in a war when you're the only one supplying everyone's lifeline to energy, you become the one and only strategic high ground target to capture and the war is automatically over and won by the one able to accomplish it. So how you gonna make it to 2050 while quietly dismantling the renewable German energy infrastructure and flooding the market with 3 cents/kWh nuclear electricity, because the big question is, from friggin where? Russia? From the remote safety of Siberia?

It's like this - if you're a relative of Da Man, you can install solar panels, if not, you cannot. The HOA rules are flexible, subject to interpretation based on kinship.

It's like this: $7.85/hr x 160 hr/month work = $1256 gross/mo. At 20% social security and medicare and income tax, 80% x 1256 = $1004.8. At $800/month health insurance, thats $204.8 left for all other expenses, and $700/mo rent, that's $-495.2/mo, then car gas for you 18-20 mpg manly Suburban or 12 mpg Hummer (because how else you gonna get the bitches, driving an 82 mpg 3 cylinder rusty old 95 Geo Metro?) so that's at least another 200-300/mo, so that' -$695/mo, (you're getting close to needing a full second salary) then you get your electric for $20/mo, gas is $25+(10 to 200(in winter)), then the water/sewer bill at 600/yr is 50/mo (most rent includes the water but then the landlord bitches), then food is like 100/mo, (which by the way used to be the top expense a millenium ago, in some form or other, military protection lordship taxes coming in second, religion third, and clothing fourth), clothes are like 10/mo (you don't have to buy clothes often for years, especially if you get work uniforms and you dont' wear them, shoes being the top wear item, and laundry is mostly included in the water/gas/electric bill). That's for yourself. Add a few people to it, health insurance goes up, housing, well, you need more room, gas about the same, food goes up proportional to headcount except kids eat a quarter to half, water goes up proportional (number of toilet flushes, showers and laundry loads), gas is the same, electric is the same, but now you got this friggin educational cost raping you in the ass in the form of college tuition quadrupling in the last decade, and there ain't no stoppin, you need extra cars once college age hits, etc. 5 people in a suburb on one 7.85/hr income, with $800/mo health insurance, and $700/mo housing cost, $200/mo commute gas + car payment of another 200/mo, and $10000/yr college tuition+ extra 3 cars saved up in 16 years? Yeah right, let's put the smart people to it to show how it's done. The only way it's done: forget about health insurance, and pay the 90/yr penalty, buy a junk house in a bad neighborhood and hope you don't get shot, (which risk is worse, getting shot in a bad neighborhood or getting sick? are they gonna make getting shot with a gun insurance mandatory too in violent neighborhoods now, cuz that's the only place you stand a snowballs chance in hell to make it with a family, everywhere else it's 101% certain doom extermination of not being able to support a family), pay 600/yr property tax (that's 50/mo housing cost), accept the assraping from the sewer system as you won't get no permit for a backyard outhouse or septic tank and rainwater collection/deep groundwater well system, because it's too crowded, so sewer is 600/yr, that's another 50/mo, ride a fucking bicycle to work for 40 minutes (when in a car you can do it in 10 minutes) to cut out gas and car insurance cost out, buy everything at Aldi's ((0.85 white bread, 1.50/dozen eggs, 1.19/tomato sauce, $4/10lb potato, and $15/20 lb rice at chiense supermarket, and $3.50 for a 2 gallon jar of pickles at Walmart. Distilled water to drink is 85 c/gallon, and 100 multivitamins (especially the D unless you work in the sun) is like $3.) In a pinch you can eat rice at 0.5 lb per person per day, which comes to 35 cents a day, and add 2 carrots, oil at another 20 cents, and a can of green beans for 50 cents, and spices for 5 cents, and swallow vitamin C pills. Green peppers cooked in make it a lot tastier, but I find they are too expensive, especially the hot pepper varieties(jalapeno, serrano, hungarian, or even dried chinese chili peppers, which are very cheap but don't have the taste. When low on protein, eat lots of eggs, bread, and tomato sauce. And butter, if you're allergic to soybean or other forms of oil, like mayo, but butter is expensive. Forget about milk, and cheese and mushrooms only for medicinal value, or if you're into wine, that works too. Cheese and very low alcohol wine helps you keep your teeth, that so many young people lose in their 20's lately, especially the druggies. Also shoveling horse manure can supply a dose of healthy bacteria, especially if you're sloppy and get it all over yourself. But only if the horses look vibrant and healthy, ones with holes on their skin/fur, or obviously sickly, could get you sicker than you were before. Sometimes it's a matter of luck with bacteria, and you may find that you need to hit yourself with antibiotics, and, unless it comes from a brand brand name, only go for erythromycin, because all the synthetic man made stuff is full of human error and it's a mystery drug, because people can't follow simple instructions, but erythromycin is complicated enough to synthesize that's it's not worth it, so it always comes from a soil fungus culture whose enzymes follow genetic instructions to the letter. So once you purge your bacteria, chances are you're gonna be really sick until you can regain a new equilibrium, and try to hang around healthy people and healthy dust, and healthy nature, til healthy bacteria reestablish themselves in you to a good balance, and are ready to defend you when you enter the diseased pits. Some people resort to chewing raw soil, and so do a lot of animals when they feel sick, and also pregnant women often misdiagnose themselves as feeling sick when being so pregnant, and also chew soil. Fresh, moist and good smelling soil has lots of good bacteria in it, but it tastes like crap If you're a prison inmate, or mental institution inmate, never miss your chances for fresh air, for a chance to inhale healthy bacteria from the soil, instead of the diseases that spread inside crowded places.

I used to pay like under 10 bux a month for gas when I used none, like 7 years ago, then they privatized and they got this minimum 25 bux a month fee, and usage comes on top of that. My only goal in life is to achieve a bill-less nirvana, live where no grass cutting is required, there is no water/sewer bill, no gas bill, no electric bill, phone bill is prepaid if you want to but you don't have to, car insurance is only required if you get caught, but then you figure out a way to commute without a fucking car, and property taxes are like 20 bux a year, because you qualify for CAUV(current agricultural use value) tax treatment. Then minimum wage is like extreme luxury, otherwise it's nowhere near enough to pay your bills, housing being the top one on the list for now, but give it 10-20 years, and it's gonna be the health insurance tax penalty for not buying one that's sucking the living life out of you and stops you from raising any kids because you can't afford to take care even of yourself, let alone extra people. Health insurance is gonna be the top killer, and even these days, my aunt's been buying health insurance even when it wasn't mandatory, from like the early 80's, and last year they jack up her price to like 800 bux a month, with a silver plan, and she had to go miles of runaround to get on the bronze plan for like 500 bux a month, she was told it's not possible, all she needs to do is pay the premium. Yeah? All you gotta do is pay the premium, and if you don't have a problem with 800 a month, we'll jack it to 4000 a month, and if you don't have a problem with that, then it's 80,000 a month, there is no limit to the greed on the part of doctors and insurance companies. And that's these days, wait til it's really mandatory to buy it, and Da Man will suck every last drop of blood out of your bank accounts through it. How can you live without bills? Is that even possible? What's this bullshit with all these mandatory expenses, and arbitrary expenses at that, arbitrary not in a free market way, but in a make believe, pretend we have a free market conspiracy of screwing everybody out of their every last dollar, letting them hover just barely on the negative side of zero, barely bankrupt, so they keep jumping like dogs for a piece of bacon that you hold higher and higher. This is how the world is supposed to work, everybody gets a hamster wheel, and without such constant semi-bankruptcy incentives everybody gets lazy. Yeah, well what that means is that honest people who care about making ends meet don't reproduce, and all the people who don't give a shit of being a dead weight on the system reproduce out of control, as they have no signal, no mark to watch of what limit to follow. Da Man is exterminating all the honest people, then wonders why the economy is fucked, and why Lehman Bros collapses from the dead weight of lies piled up high and deep. You cannot raise 3 kids and support a stay at home mom on minimum wage, and pay prevalent housing cost, and now online obmacare health insurance too on top of everything, and pay for college for all three, which is like a new high school diploma anymore. You need at least 3 kids, or 2.1 kids per average to maintain population levels, 2.0 is not enough. The only people who can afford to raise 3 kids, or for that matter, 7 kids, are people on welfare, or those, who are even if now they are temporarily on minimum wage, they've had special deals, or opportunities in life away from minimum wage to eke out a housing situation that's roomy enough and cheap enough, so now they can live on minimum wage, and show everyone how it's done. And everyone says: bullshit!

Like Saturn's rings haven't collapsed gravitationally, what's keeping that strange thing stable? Any good math? Yeah, from google I see Maxwell went at it, that's another yummi thing to read up on this weekend.

OK, let's assume the Sun has no hydrogen at all, and all its mass is made of the same material as Earth.
According to http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pla... the Sun is about 2e30 (i.e. 2x10^30) kg.
According to ditto, luminosity is 3.85E26 J/s, or W. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G... the Earth's inner lava heat comes from
232 Th at 3.27E-12 W/kg mantle
238 U at 2.91E-12
40 K at 1.08E-12
235 U at 0.125E-12
Adding these up you get 7.39E-12 W/kg mantle. Multiplying by the solar mass you get 1.47E19 W, which is much less than the luminosity, by about 26E6 times.

Btw, at 3000 solar neutrinos a year, that's one every 2.92 hrs, out of the 10^28/s*3600*2.92=1.05E32 neutrinos per year (granted most of them fly off to somewhere else, the solid angle of Earth from the Sun is small.) With Avogadro number at 6.023E23, 1E28/s is 16603 moles of neutrino/s, or, on the ballpark of 1 hydrogen atom per neutrino at 16.6 kg/s converted, while the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N... page has a picture saying the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen per second. So the fraction of hydrogen atoms fusing that produce a neutrino is that small? 620E9 kg/s vs. 16.6 kg/s?

I'm sleepy now, and I haven't even read the wikipedia page on neutrino detectors yet. But it's the weekend, I'll read up on it, and maybe post more later.

I've had thoughts about how we assume that extragalactic space is pure vacuum, when it might actually be pretty dense gas compared to what we think it is, and that could explain why so many galaxies are spiral (spiral galaxies are like fish-swirls on the surface of a pond, when there was no rotation to begin with, just a downward sinking motion, rotation, angular momentum, and swirls generated by the sinking from slight instabilities) and vacuum happens only where the extragalactic smooth uniform gas-soup collapses gravitationally, kind of like throwing a magnet on an iron dust filled paper, it's vacuum near the magnet, and there might be a minimum vacuum point in the solar system), why they lost track of the Voyager probes (true the antenna distance was huge, but it might have been an aerodynamic drag by the weak vacuum,) why extra solar system spaceships then need to be aerodynamic with shuttle like reentry heat shields, and then how other fast flying objects out there impacting this ever permeating "dark energy" hydrogen soup would glow from shuttle like reentry heat shield effects, or shooting star meteorite heating effects, stuff you see on a lot of astronomical pictures (the heat in the rings might be partly exploding material, but what if it wasn't originally glowing when it was propelled to high speed - I don't know, can such a thing be out there? Like what's the temperature of a black hole, can it be cold and can that explode? So anyway, if there is aerodynamic drag past Pluto, then the Voyager probes have a finite distance from us where they will stop due to that drag, and interstellar travel then requires continuous propulsion and very low speeds, but possibly abundant fuel everywhere.

What are the proofs that extragalactic space is full vacuum? Even if all matter has coalesced into mostly galaxies, quite a bit may still be out there, and the vacuum inside galaxies might be stronger than outside them. us Still, what kind of rate of neutrinos does a calibration device generate, and do you have to wait like a whole year before you pick up a signal?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?... No traffic signs give you no zero miles division by zero fuel headaches.

..said Socrates to pretty much everybody.

I beg to differ.

Where are these new detectors, and how do they detect different flavors of neutrinos? Neutrino detectors are humongous contraptions deep underground, most catching scintillations. There isn't much to "tune" to catch, and the 1987 event catching two different types of neutrinos from a single event (unless you have a theory of stage-wise double step collapse, the first one giving electron neutrinos, the second muon neutrinos, or even if same kind, but different kabooms) shows that old school detectors have no problem picking up small amounts of neutrinos from a tiny portion of the sky, and they interact just fine, and the stuff we measure as solar neutrinos is probably coming from actual neutrino producing things, but not our Sun.

Btw, exactly. Occam's razor http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/... cuts out any such superfluous bs from science. We have a solar neutrino problem, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S... , we cannot detect all the neutrinos that are supposed to be flooding us from the Sun, so we suppose that they have a very weak interaction coefficient, but to really fit the graph, we need one more object concocted, a neutrino mass. My college professor said give me 19 independent variables, and I can fit an elephant with a graph. Give me 20, and I can accurately fit the tail too. Occam's razor is against such things. Observational evidence showing neutrinos propagating faster than light is exciting, not disheartening!

The real answer to the solar neutrino problem is that there is no fusion going on inside the Sun. Yeah, you heard that right, time to revise all science textbooks. Or how else do you explain that a tiny little object in the night sky sets off not one, but three neutrino detectors worldwide, but we keep listening to the neutrinos from the Sun and they ain't coming, when in fact the detectors should be flooded and drowned in solar neutrino signals, and ignore distant galaxy events. Fact is there is no fusion going on inside the Sun, the Sun is only hot for the same reason the inside of the Earth is hot: Thorium, Uranium 238 and 235, and Potassium-40. In fact that is why an asteroid is cold, the Moon has no molten lava, because it's too small, nor does Mars, or Mercury, but Venus is sufficiently large to possess one, Earth is larger, and Jupiter, underneath all that hydrogen, is probably even hotter than Earth, and so are probably Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, depending on the size of their silicate-cores. If you dumped a bunch of silicate asteroids with terrestrial abundance of thorium, uranium and potassium-40, together, into an Earth-sized mass, you'd get a planet with a molten inside, and a certain degree of surface temperature just from that, and total heat emissions. If you gathered enough similar asteroids and planets in extra-solar-system space, and dumped it all together to form an object the mass of the Sun, you'd pretty much get a Sun, with 5778 K surface temperature, not just molten volcano lava underneath a cold crust, but the whole surface would be volcano lava. Under such mass the gravity would be big enough to hold back even hydrogen, even at that 5800 K temperature, but as holding more and more back increases size, it increases gravity and increases compression and accelerates the nuclear reactor, i.e., the temperature goes up, and hydrogen gets boiled off and shot off as solar wind, and the Sun has a somewhat steady size, instead of an ever-growing one. Such compression/temperature rise cycles, blowing off hydrogen into outer space, it cooling by thermal radiation, falling back onto the Sun, with very long characteristic times, could explain ice-ages and global warming ages, as hydrogen can take a long trip all the way past Pluto, then stop, then get slowly accelerated back and fall back unto the Sun, and this whole thing could be steady state, but once in a while you have a massive comet or what not bring new fuel, or create a cold spot, or what not, and create minute fluctuations that could self amplify into full scale ice ages. But helium, being 4 times heavier than hydrogen, stays down, so the reason for the 75% hydrogen and 25% He in the Sun is a simple distillation process by molten lava down below, not a fusion conversion of hydrogen to helium, else our neutrino detectors would be screaming and not even noticing a distant SN1987A under the heavy noise. In fact when you look up in the sky and you see all the stars, that's pretty much all the matter there is in the Universe, so to speak, because if it gets massive, it gets hot by the natural abundance of nuclear isotopes, everything massive enough is a natural nuclear reactor fueled by the diffuse, trace, nuclear isotopes in its makeup, and, unless it sets off nearby neutrino detectors, it does not do fusion. The differences in star-sizes and spectrums should be sought along the nuclear isotope concentration topic, the heavier the star to maintain hydrogen-boiloff tempearature, the less the concetration of isotopes, unless it's OK to be a "nude" star, with no hydrogen whatsoever on the surface. Which brings me to the topic of...

... how we measure the absorbtion spectrum of hydrgen in every star's spectrum. Well, I say intergalactic space might be uncondensed, gravitationally un-destablizied, and actually vacuum pressure there might be higher than nearby a star, with more hydrogen per unit volume. Do we know the answer to such things? A voyager-like probe would be nice, but I don't know how you can accurately measure density so low, and in fact you wouldn't know where the dense gas vs. vacuum solar system boundary is, as very near the star, the hydrogen bouncing up and down all the way to Pluto's orbit and back could be considered simply an extended solar flare of a different kind, and part of the star's atmosphere. But intergalactic space might be full of hydrogen, and helium, and we could get the absorbption spectrum that way, not from being in the star itself. Emission spectra, now that's different, but as all emission spectra have to travel through the absorbption spectrum medium, it's hard to make it out. But if they could somehow do it, measuring a star with hydrogen emission spectra means it has surface hydrogen, but lack of evidence, plus high color temperature could mean it's a nude star.

Also, I calculated yesterday that according to the few hours difference, from 168,000 light years (how do they know how far it is?), it comes to 7.7 hrs / (168,000 years*365.25 days/year *24 hrs/day)=7.7 hrs/1472688000hrs =5.23x10^-9, or an index of refraction of 1.00000000523. As hydrogen at 0 C and 1 atm is 1.000132, this gives an extragalactic vaccum hydrogen pressure of 0.0000396 atm, which seems very high, as most of the references around the web cite much less, in fact they assume intergalactic space is more vacuum than anything, and that the bulk of matter is contained inside galaxies and stars and solar systems. Perhaps this could be that "dark energy" holding together the universe, giving that extra gravity to everything.

As far as getting two neutrino pulses goes, it's obvious that they must be the same pulse, received at two different times. Something drastic happened, and it happening twice is unlikely. The explanation should account for this. The explanation is that there are two different major types of neutrinos detected, going with different speeds based on type. For light, there is the phenomenon of birefringence based on polarization, but that requires an anisotropic medium such as a crystal. It's more likely we simply have different neutrinos. According to the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N... there is 3 types of neutrinos, electron assumed to be
If the electron neutrino is really not that interacting and we get a bunch from the Sun, then there could be fusion going on. It all depends on the Lawson criterion. However, how can we tell what the core temperature of the Sun is? Does the temperature of Earth get that much hotter once you go deep enough past the molten lava layer into the iron/nickel/whatever-iridium core? Or is it pretty much steady, because the metal core does not hold those isotopes? (Maybe the Moon was shot out of the Earth, and a lot of the Moon mining would dig up lots of iridium and platinum type things.) So if the Sun has a metal core, which kind of blocks out the hydrogen, does the inside of the Sun ever reach the Lawson criterion?

I'm too sleepy, gonna hit the sleeping sack. Don't have time or energy to proofread,

I bet the new record keeping software runs on java or MS bastardized java (aka. dotnet). Maybe that's part of the problem. I personally can't stand java or dotnet, just the way it reads is way too bloated. By the way the overhead of programming and customizing Excel (97 and 2000, anything later sucks, if nothing else, requires "activation.") spreadsheets with VBA is minimal compared to having to read through and comprehend the intricacies of standard WinAPI, or even Java or dotnet. We used to have C, Basic, Fortran and Pascal as main high level programming languages in the old days, but now we have java, dotnet, python, javascript, etc., all of which are very heavy, bloated, and mental comprehension complexity a lot higher than the oldschool stuff, so it's hard not to make mistakes, or even customize and prettify it is very expensive, so stuff slips by the programmer's common sense checks.

Oh, I just saw the post below. They are talking about spraying insecticides right before inviting a bee pollinator on a contract. Now that is sick, and the beekeeper has no idea his bees are getting poisoned, so it makes good financial sense for the farmer. Again, if you absolutely have to spray insecticides, wait till the bees come and go, and spray only after. But Monsanto should get into selling natural predators instead of insecticides or insecticide-making genetically engineered plants. Spiders are hard to farm like chickens, you can't keep them together because they eat each other, (the chickens only peck each other bloody when too congested above their natural sense of equilibrium population density, so they get debeaked). They should figure out at Monsanto how to farm spiders isolated from each other, in like an apartment-complex-matchbox way, and sell them to farmers to release in their fields to control bugs, instead of spraying insecticides. Spiders are gonna be like weeeeee, yo what fun! And the other insects are gonna be like warning, spiders, but at least they've dealt with spiders for hundreds of millions of years, unlike these insecticides.

PS. When I removed a tent I had standing for almost three years out in the wooded countryside - as I never really had time to go be in it - there were all kinds of bugs that found home in it - large carpenter ants, spiders - all hiding from the constant monsoon-like rain. I was not aware it was so difficult to find a dry spot for acres in the forest, (as the same exact gang of ants found my stuff like a few acres away before, and settled into it, making my sleeping bags full of ant-smell) One of the guests I had to shake off when folding the tent was a pretty large sized (like a quarter inch), spider mother, (I'm assuming it was the female, not sure), with over a hundred tiny spider babies packed tight on her back, and they all fell off her back during the scare, unto the forest floor full of dead leaves. I was thinking about them driving home, if they have any way of finding each other again to reunite, by smell, or sight, I don't know how it'd be possible. But it shows some spiders don't each other as a default behavior when congested. But the last one of the ants I had a really hard time getting rid of, like it would keep clinging to stuff with her antlers for forever, and not let go. I accidentally had brought home one of her sisters like 2 years earlier, when I thought my sleeping bag was all clear, but obviously one got stuck in it, cuz I saw it escape and run when I put my sleeping bag in the tub, and it'd come out once every few months, all alone, then, I guess it doesn't live that long. I saw some more ants, a few of them like last year in the summer, by the garage, but they were not as big, and not alone, they were a different gang. I should have tried to catch her and take her back to her gang? Yeah good luck with that, cuz it moves really fast, and then driving well over an hour wasting all that gas just for an ant to reunite with her peers, then drive back! What a noble thought! By the way carpenter ants can turn your wooden home into sawdust pretty quickly, should your home be wooden, and them not finding a dry and warm place for themselves. That's a bit hit to the bottom line for people that pay say 50,000 for land value, then 350,000 for wooden house value on that land. Somehow such prices seem distorted, it should be the other way around, but then construction folks can't make a killing.