Comment Re:The VASIMR is the likely candidate for this (Score 1) 282
The USSR was launching nuclear-powered RORSAT satellites as late as 1988 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-A). I don't *think* there's any treaty that prohibits doing so again, and the only difference between a satellite and a spaceship is the ability to maneuver within and/or leave orbit. Orion (nuclear pulse rocket) is prohibited by treaty, because it involves intentionally detonating nuclear bombs in the atmosphere, but there's no reason you couldn't launch a contained reactor.
As for VASIMR, it's a very cool idea and one that may eventually see use either supplementing or replacing current ion engines, but it's not really a replacement for an NTR. 100x the thrust of an ion engine is somewhere in the neighborhood of what you might get from, for example, an Estes model rocket solid fuel engine. Sure, it'll run a lot longer, but its absolute thrust (never mind its thrust to weight ratio) is still minimal ("abysmal" might be more accurate) for spacecraft purposes. It's fine for long missions where you don't need any quick vector changes or a particular rapid voyage, but it would take one a ludicrously long time just to break out of Earth's gravity well if it started from LEO.