You make the same mistake on calculating minimum wage as every other person who would rather see it removed completely. The US government engineers inflation on purpose. Whether this is a good idea or not is irrelevant because it is what is happening. That means, if we don't (and in fact we don't) at the very least, peg minimum wage to inflation, then we are in fact lowering the minimum wage year after year. Worse yet, it is at at compounding rate. This means that any argument against raising the minimum wage is in practice an argument that there should be no minimum wage at all.
The other part of your argument is also flawed. We already see the education bubble causing businesses to require degrees for jobs that were done just as well in the past by people who did not spend 10s to 100s of thousands of dollars on a degree. We simply do not have enough high skill jobs to employ 300 million people. We also do need lots of people in those unskilled positions. The reason that those unskilled jobs can pay so low is because you not only have all of the non-degreed people trying to get them, but you also have a large portion of the degreed population seeking out the same low skill jobs because their simply are not enough high skill jobs to employ them. Thus, having even more people becoming degreed does not mean more people will earn more money.
More likely the reason that this is happening is because the qualifying courses appear to be online courses. This means the courses are incredibly cheap for ASU to offer. My guess would be that Starbucks is paying pennies on the dollar for these courses compared to normal, in person courses at ASU. ASU would not want to offer these on the open market, as it would undermine their existing revenue sources. So, they "partner" with Starbucks. Starbucks gets to offer what appears to be $10k of dollars in benefits to part time employees while paying almost nothing for it, while ASU gets to sell low cost courses without cutting into their current revenue stream. It is win/win for Starbucks and ASU. Actually it is win/win/win. Since at worst the Starbucks employee gets his club card (which is all many degrees actually end up offering), and at best, the employee actually gets to learn something while getting their club card.