I wouldn't bother with Dewey or LOC call numbering, unless your collection approaches 10,000 or more books (about 800 shelf fee), or unless you want to be able to search your collection by subject heading. Just use alphanumeric ordering, either by title or author last name. Whichever you choose, decide ahead of time on the exceptions --whether to ignore titles that begin with articles (A, An, The), if compilations should default to editor or first listed author, etc. Have an exceptional shelving area for oversized books (anything that can't be faced on your normal shelves, see below.)
This requirement makes things more difficult for you:
Finally, as many of the books are old folios or fairly precious first editions, everything must be non-destructive and should be removable without damage to the books if need be.
RFID tags, barcodes, and stickers are nifty and serve useful purposes, but they usually cannot be removed from a surface without causing damage, particularly after the adhesive has cured. So you're talking custom book jackets for every book. Given your reluctance to go with RFID, think optical, such as UPC codes or QR codes... but carefully consider their purpose. It sounds like you basically just want to keep track of lending books out. It doesn't sound like you need subject searching capabilities for your collection, and it doesn't sound like you'll be circulating thousands of titles per year. So what would take less time over the remainder of your life span: manually entering a title and the borrower's name into a calendar (w/ a reminder set to go off after a ~4 weeks) a few times a year, or creating thousands of book jackets, cataloging the data, and syncing it with QR codes... then manually entering the name of the borrower? Or will you create a circulation account, and give your friends cards, as well? (You'll still need to enter their personal info once, anyway.)
So keep track of the physical collection this way: face your books. This means align them so that the spines rest at the edge of the shelf (rather than pushing them as far back as they can go.) While it won't fool a careful book thief, most people don't even notice when a shelf is faced. When shelved this way, it's easy to see what books have been dislodged. Keep track of your circulation by just entering borrower name/title into a google calendar as a future appointment, and have it set to email/text you a reminder to get it back.