There are 10 Federal holidays, of which most employers will observe at least 6. Depends on your industry and employer.
-- The United States has no law mandating minimum paid vacation hours or holidays. We are one of only a handful of nations in the world that don't.
FMLA. 6 weeks unpaid leave, guaranteed.
-- Most other countries mandate paid maternity and sick leave. Almost no Americans have it, except for the top 5% or so. (Charging vacation hours for sick time doesn't count!)
In theory yes, in practice not so much. Wrongful termination suits are exceptionally easy to file.
-- At-will states (most of them) have a very high rejection rate for wrongful termination suits. At-will = "I can fire you for anything or for no reason at all", barring Title VII and other obvious exceptions.
http://eeoc.gov/ [eeoc.gov] No, they can't.
-- You've never heard of affirmative action and quota systems?
Hyperbole much?
-- Well, the legal protections for employees present in the U.S. are not comparable with the other first-world countries. I'd say it's closer to second-world, excluding China maybe.