From what evidence did you draw this conclusion? I'm not personally qualified to assess Ramanujan's brilliance (and neither are you, I suspect), but G.H. Hardy, the western mathematicion who worked most closely with Ramanujan, certainly was. What did he think? "I have never met his equal, and can compare him only with Euler or Jacobi." By all accounts, Ramanujan's abilities went way, way beyond "not much brighter than what we consider reasonably bright". He possessed one of the most gifted mathematical minds in recent history.

Love it! If I could mod your post up "funny," I would.

From TFA: "Good software, misleadingly, is usually easy to read, but it’s not easy to write."

What is misleading about that? The same could be said for any of the formal mechanisms we've invented for expressing our thoughts and ideas to other humans. Good oratories, good lectures, good books, good journal articles, and so on, are all easy to consume, but speaking or writing well requires tremendous effort and practice.

Well, I would start with a bunch of nucleotides (A, T, G, and C), then assemble them into a DNA strand such that the same short sequence of nucleotides is repeated over and over again in the strand. That's all you need for a microsatellite, really. Doing this will not be easy, of course, without access to some very sophisticated lab equipment... Oh, wait -- you aren't talking about that kind of microsatellite. Moving along...

You have an excellent point, but unfortunately, even encryption provides far less protection than it used to. The original vision for the Internet was a decentralized network where individuals controlled their own information, but today's reality is that the Internet is increasingly centralized, with tremendous amounts of personal information held by a relatively small number of players. Combine this with the fact that the vast majority of people are willing to pay for services with their privacy, and you have a situation where point-to-point encryption doesn't help much, at least not as far as state-sponsored privacy invasion goes.

For instance, Facebook is moving to require SSL for all of its users (or has already done so), but does this really do anything to allay concerns about institutionalized survellance? I would say, "no," because all of the users' personal information is still being neatly filed away in Facebook's storage facilities, same as before, and it is just as accessible to those with enough power as it ever was.

It is interesting how in the early days, before governments knew what do with it, the Internet really was a bastion of free speech and thought. Now, it is not much of a stretch to say that it has become one of the most powerful surveillance tools ever devised.

Please remember what you said in one of your earliest posts on this topic.

You asserted that: 1) The definition of evolution accepted by all evolutionary biologists is "B.S." 2) Evolution "does indeed require a selective force". 3) Some nonsense about "statistical importance" (which has no bearing on whether evolution is happening) and "slope" to genetic drift driving mutations (you have repeatedly conflated genetic drift and mutation, but they are separate processes).

My point throughout this thread has been that your 1st and 2nd assertions are wrong. Evolution does not require a selective force, and non-selective forces, by themselves, cause evolution. The post that started this whole thing claimed that "acquisition of mutations is not evolution." That is just plain wrong. Mutation changes allele frequencies in a population, which is evolution. That is the only reason I made my original post on the matter. Many people think that evolution is only "natural selection," but that just isn't true.

Now, you seem to have abandoned the above positions with your latest post. Instead, you now want to argue about the relative effects of genetic drift in humans, and the human evolutionary rate. I assume this means you have finally agreed that selection is not required for evolution, which is the only point I've been trying to make. If you want to call that an "interpretation," fine, but it is accepted evolutionary theory. Multiple posts here, from you and others, have claimed that selection is "required" for evolution. That, and only that, is what I have been refuting. I have never once made any statement about the relative importance of drift, mutation, natural selection, or anything else in humans.

To that point, though, you might be interested to read about neutral and nearly neutral mutations. Even in large populations, there is some evidence that substantial portions of the genome can be mostly under the control of mutation and drift. And as your quoted Wikipedia article goes on to note, "When the allele frequency is very small, drift can also overpower selection—even in large populations." So yes, drift can matter, even in large populations.

And I really don't know where you got the notion that I've taken "one course in population genetics" and now consider my understanding "infallible." I have repeatedly encouraged you to read a text on population genetics so that you better understand what you are talking about; I still encourage you to do so. But frankly, when people claim that evolution "requires" natural selection, realizing why that is completely wrong doesn't take a deep knowledge of pop. gen. It only requires an understanding of the modern definition of biological evolution.

Anyway, I hope you now understand that the definition of evolution I have been using is not "B.S.," that evolution does not "require a selective force" of any kind, and that non-selective forces, such as mutation and drift, also cause evolution. Evolution is easily one of the most misunderstood major scientific theories, even among people who "believe" in it and think they understand it. One of the most common mistakes is to think that evolution is only "natural selection," and that everything else is just "noise" (as you and several others have put it). I have tried to explain why that view is incorrect.

As to the rates of human evolution and the relative importance of selective and non-selective factors in human populations, that is not my area of expertise in biology. I will have to leave the topic of human evolution to others. I am sure you are correct, though, that modern transportation has (and will have) dramatic consequences for genetic structure in human populations.

At this point, I suspect you are intentionally trolling ("bucko"?), but in case not, I'll repeat what I said above.

1. Evolution is the change of allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next.

2. Allele frequencies can and do change in the complete absence of any natural selection, usually due to one or more of: mutation, genetic drift, or gene flow.

3. Therefore, evolution does not require natural selection.

If you can provide any substantive argument for why the above is incorrect, I will happily listen. And no, the sentences you plucked from the Wikipedia article about the modern synthesis do not refute this point. To the contrary, had you spent a bit more time with your Wikipedia searching, you would have discovered this, right in the article about evolution: "Even in the absence of selective forces, genetic drift can cause two separate populations that began with the same genetic structure to drift apart into two divergent populations with different sets of alleles." That is exactly the point I've been trying to make. Are you seriously arguing that this doesn't count as evolution for some reason?

Let me restate that: genetic drift, all by itself, can cause a population's genetic structure to change over time. That is a fact, plain and simple. And that is, by definition, evolution. I made no statement about the relative importance of natural selection vs. any other evolutionary force, and am not disputing that natural selection is often the most important factor in genetic change.

Again, please carefully consider points 1), 2), and 3) above. Non-selective forces do cause evolution. This is a fundamental result of modern population genetics, and your continued persistence in denying this demonstrates you know not of what you speak. As I've suggested, please read an introductory text on population genetics. It will explain all of these points far better than I can in this limited space.

Unbelievable. Sometimes "as simple as possible" still doesn't work. Genetic drift, by definition, changes the allele frequencies in a population. So how are 1) and 2) not connected, again?

My definition of "evolution" is the one that is accepted by virtually all evolutionary biologists. And it is absolutely indisputable that populations can evolve in the absence of natural selection. This is not an opinion or blind assertion. It is a fact supported by a vast body of theory and empirical observation. If you truly don't believe this, please do yourself and the rest of us a favor and read a text on population genetics, then reconsider what you said in your post. You will see (I hope) that it is nonsense. "Statistical significance" has nothing to do with whether or not a population is evolving.

No, it isn't. I'll make this as simple as possible.

1. Evolution is the change of allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next.

2. Allele frequencies can and do change in the complete absence of any natural selection, usually due to one or more of: mutation, genetic drift, or gene flow.

3. Therefore, evolution does not require natural selection.

This conclusion is supported by a mountain of theoretical and empirical evidence. If you don't accept 1), then you are rejecting the definition of organic evolution used by virtually all contemporary evolutionary biologists. If you don't accept 2), then I strongly encourage you to read an introductory text on population genetics. Regarding speciation (something you comment on in later posts), population genetics models show that even speciation can happen in the total absence of selective pressures, due only to non-selective evolutionary change.

No, it doesn't. Please see my original post. Genetic drift and mutation are two evolutionary forces that do not require selection of any kind to cause a population to evolve. Even for humans, a very large percentage of our genome consists of non-coding DNA that, as far as we know, has no phenotypic or fitness effects. This genetic material is (and has been) evolving with no selective forces acting on it at all. Consequently, these non-coding regions often exhibit extremely high genetic diversity because mutations are not "pruned" by any sort of selection. This is the reason that the microsatellite markers used for DNA typing work so well -- these markers are not under the influence of selection, so they tend to differ widely among individuals.

If you still don't believe that evolution doesn't require selection, I strongly encourage you to browse an introductory text on population genetics, and focus especially on Kimura's neutral theory of molecular evolution.

The parent is simply wrong. Acquisition of mutations most certainly is evolution, and evolution does not require natural selection.

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution, but not the only one, and evolution does not have to increase fitness. Ever since the "modern evolutionary synthesis," evolution is often defined as the change of allele frequencies in a population over time. Such change might be due to natural selection, or it might be due to other non-selective forces, such as genetic drift. To say that again, natural selection is not required for evolution. Introduction of new alleles due to mutations, random fixation or loss of alleles due to genetic drift, changes in allele frequencies due to population bottleneck events, and so on, all can cause evolution without natural selection.

Wikipedia has more information about natural selection and non-selective factors contributing to evolutionary change.

And this gets modded "insightful"? It's been a while since I've used a mac, but what I do remember is that OS9 didn't even support preemptive multitasking...

I use LibreOffice/OpenOffice almost exclusively, and my experience is that it is more than adequate as an MS Office replacement. In fact, I find Office rather annoying to use now.

That said, I think TFA has a valid point about the split between LibreOffice and OpenOffice. If nothing else, the fork makes it more difficult to try to push either as an Office replacement to new users. Searching for help is more annoying, and they are different enough that you might not be able to apply a solution for one to the other. And yet, they are almost the same in most ways, and it seems there is some effort to keep the two in sync. Given all of that, continuing with the two separate products seems more detrimental than beneficial. Now that the original problem with Oracle that led to the fork is behind us, couldn't we refocus our efforts on a single office software suite?

The responses to this indicate a fair bit of confusion.

First, yes, there are fireflies that mimic other fireflies. But the mimicry is not among sub-species, as stated by the parent. Rather, females from one genus mimic males of another. Also, fireflies are considered terrestrial animals, even though they can fly. So, this is a clearly a case of bioluminescent mimicry, and the article summary was wrong to state that the cockroach was the "only known case of mimicry by bioluminescence in a land animal."

What the summary should have said was that the cockroach was the only known case of defensive bioluminescent mimicry (that is, the cockroach gets protection from predators). The firefly example is a case of what is known as aggressive mimicry, because the females mimic the males in order to lure them in and eat them.

The preliminary reports are that Baumgartner did not break the record for longest free fall. That record was (and evidently still is) held by Joe Kittinger, the man who previously held the record for highest jump and who was the only person allowed to talk directly to Baumgartner from mission control. Did Baumgartner do this on purpose? I seriously doubt it, but it is neat in a way that Kittinger gets to keep that record.