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Comment Flagship Missions (Score 4, Informative) 45

Viking, Voyager, Galileo, Cassini - these were the so called "Flagship" missions - big, envelope-pushing missions intended to substantially advance our knowledge of the solar system. (MSL is really another, but Mars is special for NASA and so they don't call it that.) They have somewhat fallen out of favor, as they are very expensive and prone to delays and overruns, but it is hard to see how there can be substantial advances, particularly in the outer solar system, without them.

The next mission of this class will, Congress willing, be the Europa-clipper, which is slowly getting to the AO stage. I can hardly wait.

Comment SMB formation theory is uncertain (Score 2) 76

Having read the article, I think that "With a Bang" sort of waffled on this. It is hard to see how SuperMassive Black holes (SMB) form in the time available for them to form. (There is a large literature on this, but basically there are problems of the seeds - are the seeds Pop III stars, or something more exotic - and time - how can the mass move around enough to form SMB by z ~ 6?).

I don't really feel you can safely answer the "which came first" question until you know how the SMB actually formed.

A one hour video lecture, Supermassive Black Holes and the Problem of Galaxy Formation, might be interesting to people interested in these problems, but it deals with the galaxy problem more than the SMB problem.

Comment Re:Both? (Score 1) 76

Of course, as the "With a Bang" article points out, if you are willing to wait and not have everything be simultaneous, you can have both large scale structure formation and small scale structure formation going on simultaneously, with the small scale going to completion earlier, and both together yielding what we see today.

Comment Re:Both? (Score 1) 76

Why is the answer always assumed to be binary? Both processes could have been occuring simultaneously.

I am sure both were occuring simultaneously, the question is, which dominates? The two sets of processes have different time constants (growth rates), arising from different physics. For both to be more-or-less equally powerful requires these time constants to be more-or-less matched, and that seems improbable and fails "Occam's razor" type "tests."

So, could be, but don't expect that idea to gain traction, at least without a good theory as to why things should be that way.

Comment SMB were a surprise (Score 1) 76

we first expected and then found supermassive black holes at the centers of practically all large galaxies.

"expected" is sure not how I remember it, and in fact I think this has the historical record backwards. Quasars were definitely a surprise, and the Super Massive Black hole (SMB) interpretation of quasars took a while (a decade at least) to catch on, and the consensus that most galaxies have a central SMB came after that, after some local galaxies (such as our own) showed signs of having a SMB too. Before all of this most astronomers weren't interested in black holes and even the small number of General Relativity types (such as Zeldovich) who were, and who were looking them, were looking for stellar mass sized black holes, not the SMB variety.

All in all, I think it would be more accurate to say that the SMB-galaxy connection was forced upon astronomers by the data, rather than that they expected it.

Comment Re:So whats the case law on keys (Score 2) 560

A better analog might be, suppose someone said in testimony

I buried all my documents in a box out in the desert.

Could they then be compelled to provide the location if police searches turned up a blank? Seems like they could.

Of course, if you are willing to go to jail and wait it out, the "compulsion" is never forever, Seems like that might depend on just what's in those documents.

Comment Re:How is encryption different from a safe? (Score 1) 560

You do not have to participate in the opening of your safe. A locksmith or torch can do that without you.

Your encrypted documents, on the other hand, may not be crackable without your help.

Note that courts seem to feel that Iris-scans, fingerprints, etc., are not "testimony," and so are not protected. That's something to keep in mind if you wanted to purely rely on biometric keys for your encryption.

IANAL, and this is not legal advice.

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