They provide deterrence to certain behavior by providing negative consequences.

It can't. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink.

Very well. There's still violation of a couple of department rules concerning preservation of emails and the scheme may also illegally obstruct FOIA requests.

No, it was a military action not a law enforcement action. And kidnapping by a military force waives a lot of human rights both in the document you mention and in the Geneva Conventions.

Pakistan doesn't have the capability to enforce that law. What's plan B?

Larry Niven used Uranus and nuclear fusion of its atmosphere to move the Earth, via a series of flybys in the story, "A World Out of Time". I personally was thinking more loops of asteroids doing flybys of Earth and Jupiter, slowly transferring velocity from Jupiter to Earth and various other planets and bodies of interest. And yes, while the occasional impact by a misplaced asteroid would suck, getting baked by the Sun probably would suck a lot more.

Move to a star that isn't burning out at that time. In five billion years, you can move the Earth as well not just yourself. Solved that problem.

I'll meet your erroneous generalization with a real world counterexample.

Even in a world of strictly monetary values, very few own copyrights that held their value so long after creation. It's not everyone's monetary value that's being preserved, but rather that of a few. Limited duration IP has value even in the world of pure monetary value.

That's the power of a good ethics system. That it holds even with widely divergent moral viewpoints.

What a dumb thing to say.

Not true. We need to remember that there are more than 100 known caldera eruptions of the Yellowstone hotspot as it migrated from eastern Oregon to its present location over the past 16 million years. None of these eruptions, including the big eruption of 2 million years ago, are tied to known global extinction events over this time period.

Sure, if you were a plant or animal with a limited range too close to one of these supervolcano eruptions, you were out of luck, but we don't see global impact over the known lifespan of the hotspot. If it were remotely as bad as you claim, we would have seen some obvious signs of it in the fossil record, which we don't.

Further, why would the Earth's atmosphere become unbreathable? Sure, there's a lot of ash and gases released in a supervolcano eruption. But the Earth's atmosphere is much bigger than that and most of those gases, aside from carbon dioxide and other relatively insoluble gases, would wash out in rain. The remnant that remains in the stratosphere wouldn't have much effect precisely because of how little there is in the stratosphere.

Enough lead time and you can prep for anything nature throws at you other than universe-scale problems like the heat death of the universe. Maybe even that can be managed successfully though I'm not feeling up to it.

or, kill three birds with one stone.

use this geothermal energy to distill seawater to end coastal drought

And if you look at how international law is created, such as the Geneva Conventions or the various nuclear nonproliferation treaties, your impression of the strangeness of international law would no doubt endure. This stuff is created by ad hoc groups of diplomats (which would be the bodies analogous to legislatures in the law making process) pulled together for the treaty in question. And they nakedly pursue the very specific interests they represent which may or may not be the specific interests they claim to represent. Legislatures have similar fig leaves, but those tend to be more carefully placed.

An nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia mundus regatur?

I think we'll probably have a few generations of warning. Ash is mostly silica, especially with Yellowstone eruptions. It won't be magnetic. And a bad eruption would be tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of ash and stuff. You aren't going to push that around with wimpy balloons.

The ideal solution here is to build up a considerable global food supplies of several years and not be there when the volcano erupts.

The international law has to exist in the first place. There's a reasonable argument that Congress delegating its warmaking powers to the Executive Branch is unconstitutional, but your argument isn't going far, if you're going to claim that international law was broken.