Your confusing two separate things, which, whilst often related, are not necessarily so. Economic growth is a result of the better use of factors of production, achieving output that is of greater value with the same population. China's economic growth at more than 8% a year over the past 20 years or so has had little to do with its population growth, but everything to do with building factories and using more resources. Whilst there is a suggestion that a stable population, especially an older population, will be more resistant to change than one where there is a flow of new entrants to the work force, it is not inevitable.
The interesting other issue that you raise - that profits now constitute a larger component of the GDP of developed countries than used to be the case - IS something we should be concerned about; it reflects a failure of competition to ensure that such profits are competed away, as different suppliers of the similar product offer lower prices...