Do you honestly believe that you can get the taxpayers of Houston to spend 20 years paying to stockpile concrete for such a project?
This isn't like a bridge, which costs a lot of money but can be finished in a few years and then used for decades afterwards. You can issue a government bond to pay for construction, and then pay off the bonds with tolls over the bridge. A dome over Houston, per your suggestion, would take 20 years before you even started. And unless you plan to charge a toll for everybody who goes in or comes out, the only way to pay for it is with tax money.
If my property taxes went up that much for a project that wouldn't even be started for 20 years, I would move away and not pay it. Any businesses operating in Houston would almost certainly leave the city if their costs would go up so much. Companies are expected to file quarterly reports on how the company is doing. They can't afford to blow cash for 20 years on something that doesn't help the bottom line.
If you don't pay property taxes, maybe the problem doesn't seem so immediate to you. But you would pay, anyhow. If the supermarket where you shop finds itself owing an extra $5million a year in property tax, where do you think they'll get the extra $100K per week? They'll get it by jacking up the prices they charge their customers.
Sci-fi ideas make great fiction, but in world where you have limited budgets, and where there are no replicators so anything you build costs actual money, we're never going to have a dome over Houston. The concrete we're talking about is $86billion just for the cement, saying nothing about the aggregate, rebar, capital costs for equipment (we have to dig the circular trench), fuel costs, or labor. If we figure the total cost of the foundation ring is 10 times the cost of the cement, we get $860billion. Divided equally by the 2.2million people in Houston, that's ~$400K each; for a family of 4, it works out to $1.6million. Spread out over 20 years, that works out to $80k per year in extra property taxes for a family of 4.
Does your household budget have room in it for spending an extra $80k in taxes every year?