More and more physics seems to be relying on simulations. In a case in which a theory has been discarded because it can't account for certain observed phenomena there can be a benefit in show that the theory can't be discarded. However it seems like there are more cases in which a simulation seems to be used as evidence that a theory is correct. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.0481...
String theory has been somewhat predictive and new experiments in particle physics can be compared to expectation with string theory without needing to modify the theory.
However a lot of theories do not seem to be very testable or have any likelihood of being testable. Here is some "evidence" I came up with for the theory that we are living in a simulation. I use minecraft to illustrate. Probably others have provided the same evidence, I am just not aware of them. It has the same problem of some of theories coming out, it does not seem to be predictive and testable.
1) Quantum mechanics/uncertainty principle.
Assume that any construct must have limited resources.It would require substantially less "memory" and "cpu power" to estimate particles and groups of particles using equations rather than track the particulars of every particle and its interaction. Only when a query for the state of a specific particle occurred would the value be determined. Once the actually value were determined, the behavior would no longer match the shorthand equations that governed undetermined particles.
Minecraft analogy: Minecraft is an unlimited world in which each "block" [piece of earth or other material] can be manipulated. So unlike most game there are no walls or objects that can't be destroyed or moved, etc. Blocks objects are not instantiated until someone interacts with it. In this way many properties are not fully determined until the interaction occurs.
2) Speed of light
The speed of light limits the amount of interaction. It is extremely computationally intensive to have everything interact with everything else simultaneously. With the speed of light, interaction is limited to a single direction from source to object. While two objects might interact together, say by reflecting each other on their surfaces, the reflection is actually showing the other object from a point early in time that was "computed" on the prior "cycle". Aggregates can be used for distance objects. For example the light of a distance galaxy would not need to be computed with every individual particle.
Minecraft analogy: There is a render distance. Based on the graphical and network power the user can adjust the render distance. Objects beyond that distance are not visible and the display does not need to account for them.
Interestingly the speed of light indicates, to some extent, the type of construct. In a typical simulation of a reality, all values are computed simultaneously and then the next time cycle is calculated. This is used when attempting to model of a "real" system in which accuracy is more important than performance.
3) Planck time
This is the equivalent of CPU cycle or a singe "tick" in Minecraft
4) Unusual physics at "extreme" values
Strange things happen and "extreme" values like Bose-Einstein condensates, singularities and perhaps plasma. A construct of a system would be more concerned about behaviors within a "sweet spot" of interest.
Minecraft analogy: Minecraft uses double precision values for everything, including coordinates which are based on an integer number of blocks. There is a place in minecraft called "the far lands". If you travel far enough from your point of origin when the game is created, doubles no longer accurately represent integers. So blocks no longer form a continuous surface and there are occasional missing blocks and the player can get stuck between blocks or fall through "holes" in solid earth.
[Interesting aside: people can get to "the far lands" with mods etc. However once the creator announced the existence of "the far lands" a video blog was created called "Far Lands or Bust" http://farlandsorbust.com/ in which someone started out on an expedition to reach them on foot. So far it has earned over a quarter million in charity since 2011.
Question:
Are there any hypothesis that can later be tested that would provide some proof or disproof of this theory?
Since dark matter and dark energy are still not well explained, is there some predictions one would make based on the theory of the evidence above?
Here are my best ideas for testable hypothesis, however lack of being able to show them does not exclude the theory so they really are not testable.
1) Mutable constants.
Depending on goals of the originator changes to a fundamental property such as the mass of an electron, the strength of gravity or the speed of light might be expected. This could be in different location or different time periods.
2) Hackable reality
At the extreme values we maybe able to manipulate reality. We might even be able to create a various or similar effect. The question is what would be considered a "alteration" or reality. Right now I would say if we can change the speed of light or other constant of the universe it might actually constitute proof of a virtual construct.