I design cabinets and store fixtures. It's what I do to earn a living. My company makes mid to high-end products, and we've made store fixtures for Verizon Wireless, Supercuts, Restoration Hardware, Zadig & Voltaire, Macy's and Briggs & Riley. I can tell you about the manufacturing process.
Tool changes are meaningless. CNC machines have multiple pockets to hold tools, and can switch to a new tool in short order. In a typical design, the programs I send to the machinists will have 3 different tools (5mm brad for line boring, hinge mounting holes and drawer slide mounting holes, 7mm Lance for confirmat connector holes or 8mm brad for dowel holes, and a 1/2" router compression bit, sometimes upshear, depending on the material, to cut the profile). Dowels will be installed in a different machine, or 5mm holes 35mm deep will be drilled in edges to accommodate confirmats, depending on the chosen construction method. Later, if a tool has to be changed by hand, it takes seconds, and the assemblers don't think twice about it. Tool changes are cheap (admittedly, they can take a few minutes on the panel saw, but doing so is fairly uncommon, as most wood will generally be cut by the same blade).
Even the cost of most of the material is relatively trivial. A 4'x8' sheet of Industrial Grade Particle Board costs less than $25, and it can be had pre-laminated for less than $40, maybe even less than $30, depending on the laminate (though some types of laminate can bring the price up considerably). Melamine is very cheap.
The big price of things is in labor. When I put a cabinet out into the shop, if it's rushed, it may take 12 working hours to get from the CNC machines and panel saw, down to Packing at the other end of the shop. Doweled construction is faster than confirmat construction, but not always appropriate (the joints are relatively weak, and if the piece of furniture gets moved around a lot, it will pull itself apart).
Very fine work will take much longer. A pair of 12' tall by 6' wide hardwood doors (which we do from time to time; we have a retail customer who likes to put them on their stores) may take several weeks. Mind you, a pair of doors that size, while it may seem simple, is in fact, not. You can't just nail a few pieces of milled lumber together, stain it and ship it out. The doors are very large, and require a metal frame to support the weight, which must be welded together. The doors are then built around the frame. That's just the simple of it, not even accounting for hinge mounting locations (which must be attached to the frame, not the wood, or else the frame is pointless added weight), knockers, and so forth. That sort of work is done mostly by hand, as there is no practical way to machine the parts. Those sorts of projects become very expensive.
In any event, the number of machines used is determined in the design phase, which is completely separate from the assembly phase. Normally, any given part will go through a CNC machine or panel saw, then through a banding machine, and finally through either another CNC machine (with different capabilities) or through a doweling machine. As for hand-finished edges... The banding machine does the bulk of the work, but the operator still has to smooth the rough edges. Plus, the machine only works with straight parts. If there's an irregularly shaped edge, it has to be banded by hand, which is very common on countertops.
Carpentry has thinned out. The old fashioned way, is for a single man to plan a cabinet, cut the parts, and assemble them, possibly with the aid of an assistant or apprentice. It's not a bad method by any means, but it is slow, and difficult to do on a large scale. Now, the design work is handled by one man, cutting the parts by another, and a third does the assembly. Each man can specialize in their part of the process, and come to do it very fast. This is Henry Ford's assembly line methodology at work. We produced 8 stores worth of good quality desks and fixtures for just one customer (while making products for other customers concurrently), in the last month. This is without operating at capacity. I should also point out, that I can design cabinet parts with a precision down to 0.01mm. Try that with hand tools, instead of CNC machines.