Is it more likely that:
c) One of the groups had better teachers, so they learned more.
Actually, this is a very common reason. In such cases, I don't see why should the better group get the same grades as the other one.
I think part of the rationale is that a self-signed certificate very well might be a sign that you're the victim of a man-in-the-middle attack, and it needs to be treated as a serious potential threat.
This sounds good in theory, but the reality is that self-signed certificates (or those signed by an authority your browser does not recognize) are several orders of magnitude more common than MiTM attacks.
Otherwise, I agree that a big part of the problem is unusable UI for managing certificates in almost all existing browsers.
Is "as bad as no encryption" a reason for yelling on the user and presenting it like the worst security problem ever? Even if I accept the premise that it is as bad as no encryption, the obvious conclusion is that the browser should present it the same as no encryption.
Actually, it is not as bad. It still keeps you safe from passive attacks (like your ISP collecting all data for a three-letter agency, which analyses them later).
The core of the problem is that GNOME developers have the habit of releasing as 2.0 or 3.0 something, which is of beta quality at best. It's quite possible that GNOME 3 contains some great ideas, but trying to attract users to software, which will need a year or two more to reach usability of the previous version, is not going to win anybody's sympathies. Exactly this has already happened with the release of GNOME 2.0: its usability was nowhere near that of GNOME 1.x, but still, it was presented as a replacement of 1.x. The users were rightfully complaining. One would have hoped that GNOME developers have learned something from that fiasco...
As of culture resistant to changes: For most people, the computer is a tool. And as with many complex tools, it takes time (sometimes years) to learn how to use them in the most efficient way. The learned experience is very valuable, but a part of it is necessarily lost when the tool suddenly starts behaving differently (people are not used to their screwdrivers changing shape overnight). Sure, changes are necessary for progress, but you should not ignore that changes come with a high cost to the users and radical changes of basic concepts even more so. Changing details is usually fine, removing functionality is worse, and radical changes of established products should be done only in cases, where the benefit is an order of magnitude larger than the loss. GNOME developers seem to ignore this fact of life for years.
An authority is a person who can tell you more about something than you really care to know.