The article claims 4 million gallons per ton to produce beef. Using a little imagery, I am picturing two steers (more than a ton of beef) swimming in a water tank of that size. Lincoln Nebraska's tank hold 4 million gallons. So what are these animals, aqua cows? They live in a Shamu sized aquarium? Maybe I'm just lucky because my cattle only each drink about 60 gallons a week. But you might say I didn't factor in the alfalfa. They don't really eat that much, two bales at most per week, each. So, two hundred pounds of feed per week, or about five tons per year. My uncle uses 1,000,000 gallons to water on his field of alfalfa, 15 acres, per year. Each acre produces about 6 tons per year so that million gallons goes to producing 90 tons of feed. That is enough to support 18 animals. 4 million gallons should support 72 animals or 36 ( a very modest figure) tons. That changes the assertion to 12,000 gallons per ton.
The truth is, alfalfa is used for milk production, not meat production. If you want to fatten up a cow, you feed them grains. You know, the carbohydrates that America uses as a primary source of their diet; which is why America is obese. The article talks about the cost of alfalfa driving up up the cost of beef. It is true that the Imperial Valley alfalfa farmers can ship their alfalfa to China on the empty cargo ships returning to China and make more money than they can shipping up to San Joaquin Valley where the dairies exist. The impact has been on milk prices and horse ranches. Alfalfa went from $9 for a 140 lb bale to $17 for a 100 lb bale. That upswing did nothing to meat prices. During this upswing, beef was incredibly cheap. I stuffed my freezer with $4 a pound rib eyes. There are other market forces that are now bringing beef prices up. The American herd is at a 60 year low. More people, less beef, more money.
I do believe the water figures given for vegetables to be fairly consistent. Most of that water doesn't go into producing the product, but instead evaporates off leaving the salts behind that ultimately destroys the land for farming. We have switched to hot house hydroponics. It uses a little as 1/20th the water as conventional farming. The reduction in pesticides is drastically reduced. The fish and crustaceans provide the nutrients that the plants need, and the plants and bacteria break down the fish wastes purifying the water. A hot house produces a tremendous amount of food.
If feels to me that the author as ideological agenda. The truth is, we are designed to eat meats, eggs and vegetables. Everything else, not so much. The American diet has caused an epidemic in obesity, diabetes and Alzheimer's. This is directly a result of what we eat today. You can read, "Grain Brain" for a neurosurgeons take on this subject.