I am a programmer, who works closely with scientists in scientific computing in the fields of fluid mechanics simulation, and aerodynamics simulation.
Your question is really not clear, in both these fields that I work on, the requirements vary vastly, and it also varies to the users I support (over 100 scientist). some of them have huge data sets, spanning up to 600 GB/file, a single simulation run can give a geologist a 1 TB file.
Others, have a few hundred MB of data. Each is handled differently.
The data itself, can be parsed and stored in in a DB for analysis in some cases, and in others, that is very impractical and will slow down your work.
Each scientist has a different way of doing things.
So the bottom line, if you want any useful answers, be more specific. What field of science (i can tell you are a chemist?), what simulations/tests do you use, how fine are your models are your data sets and what is their format, what kind of data are you interested in, you should seriously consider an archiving solution because i guarantee you will run out of space.