Africa - Offline And Waiting for the Web

The nytfeed provides us with an article about the current state of internet connectivity on the African continent. Only 4 percent of Africa's population has regular access to the internet, with most of those people living in North African countries, or the country of South Africa. This might seem like a market ripe for development, but the article explains that there are numerous difficulties involved getting an infrastructure project off the ground. "Africa's only connection to the network of computers and fiber optic cables that are the Internet's backbone is a $600 million undersea cable running from Portugal down the west coast of Africa. Built in 2002, the cable was supposed to provide cheaper and faster Web access, but so far that has not happened. Prices remain high because the national telecommunications linked to the cable maintain a monopoly over access, squeezing out potential competitors. And plans for a fiber optic cable along the East African coast have stalled over similar access issues. Most countries in Eastern Africa, like Rwanda, depend on slower satellite technology for Internet service." The good news is that, of course, progress is being made. Just ... slowly.

Not africa's biggest problem

[sokoban (142301)]

Yeah, the internet is one of the last things Africa needs.

I'd say that Social, Political, and Agricultural reforms are FAR more important to the average African than the good old WWW.

Africa is living proof that imposition of a foreign structure and hierarchy followed by throwing fists-full of aid money is not enough to improve the lives of a people.

Re:Not africa's biggest problem

[BeanThere (28381)]

Uh, the SAT3 fiber cable wasn't built with any aid money, it was built with tax income from a previously nationalised and now privatived telecomms utility using income from mainly businesses and residents in South Africa itself. Those businesses forked over for it - and continue to do so - because there's a genuine need for it, so get a clue.

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[dhasenan (758719)]

Africa has oil, diamonds, and copper as some of its major resources.

Diamonds? De Beers owns most African diamond mines.

Copper? Zimbabwe sold off its copper mines recently because they were losing money. The price of copper has quadrupled in the last ten years. (And people are emigrating to Zimbabwe...)

Oil? Foreign companies own most African oil wells and pipelines. In some countries, these oil companies hire the military to defend the pipelines and wells. In some of these, the military has stolen the pipeli

Re:Not africa's biggest problem

[WIAKywbfatw (307557)]

Yeah, the internet is one of the last things Africa needs.

I'd say that Social, Political, and Agricultural reforms are FAR more important to the average African than the good old WWW.

Africa is living proof that imposition of a foreign structure and hierarchy followed by throwing fists-full of aid money is not enough to improve the lives of a people.

Interesting viewpoint. A few points immediately sprang to mind though:

Firstly, access to better information via the internet can play its part in improving social, political and agricultural conditions in Africa.

Granted, there are other problems, such as infrastructure, to overcome but that doesn't negate the benefits that internet connectivity could provide to developing world nations.

Secondly, the "imposition of a foreign structure and hierarchy followed by throwing fists-full of aid money" can work... in the right circumstances. West Germany after the Second World War is one example. Clearly today's Iraq isn't though.

The keys would seem to be honesty and acceptance: if you genuinely care about improving the situation on the ground and can convince people of your sincerity then you can make huge changes for the better. However, if your help is poisoned by political or economic rhetoric then you're doomed to failure and/or accusations of attempting to profit from the situation.

Forcing HIV/AIDs-related programmes to teach abstinence rather than educating them about the benefits of using a condom, even though you know that the abstinence message will fail but that condoms will save lives, because of religious pressure is crazy.

Similarly, pushing African mothers to use powdered baby milk rather than encouraging them to breastfeed, which is a healthier option, just to sell more of your product is exploitative at best.

Put another way, if developed nations really wants to help less fortunate nations then perhaps thinking about themselves and what's in it for them should disappear from the equation.

Lastly, Africa is a pretty big place. It's not homogenous, and what might be a problem in one place might have already been solved somewhere else. Anything that helps disseminate knowledge can only be a good thing, especially in rural areas.

Imagine how much and how quickly you can find help online when your PC's playing up compared to how little and how slowly you can find it offline. Now imagine that information on something more essential to your everyday life, like basic healthcare advice, how to repair a vital piece of machinery, or how to save a crop.

Even something as simple as knowing what the average shopper 10,000 miles away will pay for your produce could make a huge difference: knowing that might help you secure a fairer, more beneficial price for your harvest, which in turn could dramatically improve the standard of life for you and everybody around you.

The possibilities are limitless.

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[timmarhy (659436)]

"nternet access would be very useful for farmers growing commodity foods for export"

RRRIGGHTTT..... they can't even grow enough food to feed themselfs so now you want them to export it?

Re:Not africa's biggest problem

[N3Roaster (888781)]

Umm... They already are. Picking a few random African countries from the CIA World Fact Book, agriculture accounts for 60% of exports from Ethiopia, Niger is exporting onions and livestock, Cote d'Ivoire is one of the largest exporters of coffee, cocoa, and palm oil, and if you take a look at other African countries, you'll find many more examples where people are sensibly using their comparative advantage to grow products for export (and hard currency) and, if necessary, import other food stuffs. If these people are able to get better prices for what they export, they will be able to buy more of the food they would need to import.

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[timmarhy (659436)]

since when has the internet resulted in better prices for the seller? name me one industry that has taken off as a direct result of selling their goods on the internet? I just don't see any reason for your logic to work at all. your basicly saying, internets = good, and nothing more.

Re:Not africa's biggest problem

[N3Roaster (888781)]

I see that your previous post has been modded flamebait and judging by your posting history, I am at this point probably just feeding a troll, but I will entertain one more reply as it is a good question. I would point to specialty coffee auctions such as Cup of Excellence, Q Auctions, and eCafe as rather high profile examples where the Internet has allowed better prices for the seller. Granted, these do not require Internet access in the countries of origin, however Internet access would have been greatly beneficial, particularly in that last example (eCafe) in communicating the results of these auctions to the growers. Had participating cooperatives in Ethiopia had the communications infrastructure to see just how well they had done in the first auction, they would have participated in the second. Better communication infrastructure may have also helped the logistical nightmare that plagued the second auction. In that case, the coffees were under the control of Sidama Union, whose member cooperatives took more than half of the auction total, yet they were refusing to release the coffee for export. Had the member cooperatives been able to learn that inaction on the part of the cooperative union was delaying a rather large final payment and had there been sufficient communications infrastructure to pressure the union, I believe this process would have been sped up considerably instead of requiring visits from three board members and eventually transferring control of these lots to Yirgacheffe Union (which did then release the coffee in a timely manner, though by that time the delay had been so great that an otherwise good program has been suspended until a way to prevent such an issue from recurring is found).

This is not necessarily just about selling over the Internet, and it should be clear by now that I see Internet access as part of the larger problem of communications infrastructure, however I believe there are numerous examples throughout the world where Internet access has provided significant economic benefits. If it were otherwise, why would the Internet have spread throughout the world?

Re:

[timmarhy (659436)]

Ok so your argument is that the internet might afford them access to more market opertunities? ok i can agree on that. the internet might perhaps allow them to by pass corrupt local officals also, by selling direct to overseas consumers.

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[sumdumass (711423)]

I hear this argument all the time. And as a small farmer myself, I'm wondering why it is being made. You sell when your crops are ready or they deteriorate and spoil. That is unless your sophisticated enough to have some sort of storage facility. And the people with that kind of resources can afford to get satellite communications going whether it is the Internet or calling a brokerage house to get current rates. Then there is also the problem of getting the goods to market. About any place with good roads

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[N3Roaster (888781)]

As I said before, I do agree that this is not the largest problem. Transportation infrastructure in rural areas is a big issue that would certainly be more important. As for crops deteriorating and spoiling, part of this depends on just what crops are being grown. Most of my exposure in this area is in coffee which, after processing, holds quite well in cheap warehouse space. I also agree with you regarding phone calls, but I have been to cooperatives in Ethiopia that had no clue how much money they would b

this farmer disagrees

[zogger (617870)]

Well, I farm and I use the net all the time for information I need. Everything from finding the best deals on repair parts to looking up plants and diseases and treatments, various livestock care information (we have quite a variety now beyond cattle and poultry, just this past few weeks we added ducks, quail and now rabbits), there's always new seeds and plants to order, I'm doing the research on making our own biofuel now-picked up an old datsun diesel pickup today in fact, because I wanted one, finally f

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[sumdumass (711423)]

Yea, then maybe India can get their jobs outsourced to Africa. Could you imagine the language barrier there? Now you won't be able to understand the people on both ends of the call.

Cart before horse.

[Stonehand (71085)]

It's not just the Internet -alone- that is encouraging such things as competition and product development. For instance, having a reasonably non-corrupt judiciary to adjudicate commercial disputes, and a flexible economic system that can readily shift labor and resources according to demand, is rather fundamental. Having a reasonably well-educated population that is already sufficiently wealthy in resources that many can afford to take business risks and -fail- is also critical.

If you're in a massively co

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[cashman73 (855518)]

I say we maintain the current status quo in internet connectivity for Africa, until Nigeria cleans up their act. And if they don't stop sending these 401 emails, we cut the damn cable to Portugal. I think the Navy Seals could have that cable cut overnight,... ;-)

Re:

[sumdumass (711423)]

Wow, Troll over something obviously funny and almost neccesary.

Anyways, it isn't limited to the internet. I started getting phone calls that would ring once or twice and then hang up. The numbers were my own Cell Phone number with a Nigerian country and area code in front of it. I didn't find this out until after I got a letter from the government.

I had freaked out and called my cell provider and they claim they didn't even have a record of me getting a call at the times it was on the phone and then said so

Re:Not africa's biggest problem

[lena_10326 (1100441)]

Honestly, lets think about food, water, AIDS, and regular communication before we think of internet connections

Communication is a basic need. The internet is not always used for chat rooms and games. Here are some basic need uses:

• Publishing: news, info, blogs, editorials, research, statistics, etc
• Political commentary and organization
• Directories of phone numbers, businesses, professionals, resumes, jobs, etc
• Maps and yellow pages
• Email, telephone, video conferencing
• E-Commerce & trading
• Government services, taxes, forms, etc
• Online courses: particularly useful in rural African towns
• Technical support for machinery, computers, software

Africa needs the internet.

Rejoice!

[antek9 (305362)]

I heard, Nigeria is about to be connected. I received mail from my new business partner down there today. If all overdue money transfers go through well, fiber optic broadband for the people is just around the corner. Or so I'm told.

Fortunately

[Iphtashu Fitz (263795)]

Those parts that are connected are using it to fight corruption. Why just yesterday I got my third e-mail from the widow of a former government employee who needed my help to move some funds out of Nigeria so that the corrupt government couldn't get its hands on it. All they needed was my bank account number.

Bigger picture...

[lixee (863589)]

Truly enough, the traditional monopolies of the telecom companies are what's keeping the prices high up. To talk about the case I know best, the Moroccan telecom company IAM (Maroc Telecom) abuses its monopoly in so many ways that citing them would require a whole article. The people benefiting from that are, of course, the political and business elite. It wouldn't surprise me that the government is purposely keeping the masses off the Web to keep them blindfolded. Aware citizens would certainly demand change from the dictatorial regimes Africa's infested with.

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[TubeSteak (669689)]

Aware citizens would certainly demand change from the dictatorial regimes Africa's infested with.

The same dictators supported by the West?

'The West' (America, England, France etc) have supported, propped up, or installed dictators in numerous countries on the African continent at some point or another within the last 20 years.

Dictators were the West's way of keeping a lid on various fractured populaces for the purposes of maintaining stability, usually so western powers could continue exploiting the resourc

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[lixee (863589)]

Absolutely. I thought it went without saying. But in times when lots of people are buying the whole "spread democracy" line, it doesn't hurt to spell it out.

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[toddhisattva (127032)]

'The West' (America, England, France etc) have supported, propped up, or installed dictators in numerous countries on the African continent at some point or another within the last 20 years.

You left out Russia and China, but they're the good guys so nobody should criticize them.

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[Lemmy Caution (8378)]

The USSR backed the Angola rebels, otherwise I don't recall them being that active in coups, revolts or the like. What did China do in Africa that compares with any of the others?

The original post, however, is still historically a wreck. The West has only been relatively "hands-off" since the late 1980's. It's 500 years before that have been the problem, not the past 20 years.

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[TubeSteak (669689)]

You left out Russia and China, but they're the good guys so nobody should criticize them.

You make a valid point.

However, I took the behavior of those countries for granted, considering they both have strong central governments... thus there is no inherent contradiction with their foreign policy.

Western countries have been in the dictatorship business for centuries. The Enlightenment Period (1700s) was no such thing when it came to their foreign policy.

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[technos (73414)]

Dictators were the West's way of keeping a lid on various fractured populaces for the purposes of maintaining stability, usually so western powers could continue exploiting the resources of those countries.

It's only a recent phenomenon that spreading Democracy has been considered a better idea than installing a strong dictator to hold things together. Despite that ideal, look at how many dictatorships Clinton and Bush Jr have been buddy buddy with.

I don't think that the 'Spreading Democracy!' meme Bush and

Re:Bigger picture...

[TapeCutter (624760)]

"I guess what I'm trying to say is that the populace can demand all the change it wants, but there are many other parties who have a keen interest in maintaining the status quo."

The treatment Hamas has recieved from the EU & US clearly demonstrates what western leaders think about the spread of democracy. They don't mearly fail to recognise "the right of Hamas to exist" they actively seek to destroy it, the US has recently gone so far as to arm and train Fatah militants in order to maintain the status quo via the good ol' divide and conquer routine.

The odd thing is that Hamas has kept it's word and has not used suicide bombers for over 3 years (yes, they stopped BEFORE they were elected by ~70% of the popular vote), this self-imposed "restraint" is despite the fact many of it's elected officials have been assasinated or kidnapped by Isreal during the last 3yrs. Even more curioius is the fact that the suicide bombers during that time have come from the Fatah group, the same group that the US have recently armed and trained to fight Hamas.

Just to remain on topic you can see the same strategy in Africa, during the 70's-80's the SLA were considered an "evil" in the heart of Africa, apparently now that China has control over Sudan's oil, ...err...I mean....influence over Sudan's rulers...., the SLA are the "good guys" who require our assistance to protect their ancestral homeland [abc.net.au].

Of course the prime example of hypocricy in our time is the fact that - 25yrs ago OBL & Saddam were both "good guys" fighting the commies with our "generous" financial and political support. I could rant forever with similar examples, $2B worth of attack choppers donated to Burma's nut-job rulers in '97 anyone? /rant

Disclaimer: None of this makes "the other side's" actions any better, but if anyone thinks I have my facts about Hamas all fucked up, read this [theage.com.au], and double check the information for yourself.

About South-Africa, Internet Boom

[dabatla (1131327)]

As a South-African citizen I believe that progress is finally taking place, I also believe that South-Africa specifically is on the verge of a dramatic internet boom. Hopefully, other sub-Sahara country's will follow, but also learn from our mistakes. Up until a few years ago Telkom, the monopolizing, mainly government owned telecoms operator was the only company in South Africa that was allowed, by law, to provide landline-based services and VOIP was illegal. Since the beginning of the new Government in

Infrastructure?

[the_kanzure (1100087)]

How would we build an internet infrastructure? What processes can we use to build fiber optics? Or what sort of PCBs and connectors would we need to make the "last mile" work? This looks like a project just waiting for some interested individuals to get some big plans together.

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[westlake (615356)]

how would we build an internet infrastructure? This looks like a project just waiting for some interested individuals to get some big plans together.

building and maintaining infrastructure demands a reasonably stable society and a healthy local economy.

otherwise "big plans" lead nowhere. case in point: Iraq.

Re:Infrastructure?

[timeOday (582209)]

Africa has 200 million cellphone users [tmcnet.com] (about the same as the number of US cell phone users [azcentral.com], and 10x the number of fixed phone lines in Africa). To me that seems like the obvious answer for last mile connectivity. Some might hook those phones up to computers with bluetooth, but maybe they should just skip that step and use smartphones without computers. Already Africa is using cellphones to increase productivity, such as cell phone banking [usatoday.com].

How about the power infrastructure?

[the_kanzure (1100087)]

How about the power infrastructure?

* Electric infrastructure systems research [nrel.gov] (publications) from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
* Electric Power Research Institute [epri.com] re: a distributed network.
* Electric power transmission [wikipedia.org]
* Hydrogen power wiki [h2-pv.us] (questionable) * [pdf] Present limits of high-voltage transmission [geni.org]
* Power station diagram [tva.gov] (and more [tepco.co.jp])
* Energy development [wikipedia.org] as well as * "The SuperGrid for Electricity & Hydrogen [typepad.com]"- but no designs are included.

And with DIY wind turbine [instructables.com] and the DIY UP [slashdot.org]

market ripe for development?

[nurb432 (527695)]

Doesnt he mean 'ripe for commercial exploitation'?

Re:market ripe for development?

[Kohath (38547)]

Yeah, my Internet service provider commercially exploits me every month. What a ripoff. I get high-speed Internet and they want to get paid for it!!?!?

Why would anyone in Africa want that? High speed internet -- who needs it! Someone might make some money by providing it to people. Money! They should work for love! They should make fiber optic cables out of their own altruism and power the routers with the self-satisfaction they get from doing good.

What evil thing will those exploiters do next? Commercially exploit hunger by selling good, healthy food at a small profit? Better to starve than allow such exploitation!

Re:

[nurb432 (527695)]

The internet is the modern vehicle for exploitation by both governments ( control of information ) and corporates.

Exploit hunger? it happens every day. Remember the UN's 'food for weapons' programs? Thats a good example of international exploitation.

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[Blackknight (25168)]

You say that like it's a bad thing.

Don't you want YouTube?

[Aqua OS X (458522)]

"Don't get me wrong, I love that video with that weird dancing Indian midget. Although, I could really go for some drinking water, AIDS medicine, and less raping."

-A Nigerian Prince

Typical cost - for those who might not know

[bogaboga (793279)]

I was in Uganda on a Technical Advisory mission in 2002 and was outraged by the cost of internet connections down there. For a 128Kbps (down) and 32 (up) link, the organization was forking US$275 per month. This was for unlimited use.
 

A bit off-topic here: I also got educated in a way...that is...I realized that it is actually hotter in USA (Texas) than in some of these African countries that we think are way too hot. Temperatures never went above 86 degrees F, in the capital (Kampala)...compared to the 113 degrees in some parts of the US lately.

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[flyingfsck (986395)]

It is the altitude. Most of Africa is very high above sea level. It is sad to think that the 'golden age' of Africa was the colonial period.

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[akintayo (17599)]

Could you be so kind to explain how the 'golden age' for Africa would be the colonial period ?

Irony?

[eli pabst (948845)]

I love the irony that there is a thread also on the front page about the few OLPCs that are being sent to Africa are being used to surf porn. How can you rich westerners downloading your terrabytes of porn just stand by while the poor children of Africa are smacking it to dial-up?!

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[Kjella (173770)]

I'm probably showing my age here, but to sum it up in one sentence:
If we could do it not so long ago, so can they.

The Internet May Not Be a Top Priority,

[ImustDIE (689509)]

The internet may not be a top priority (food, medicine, etc). But, bringing the internet to people may help with these things. What if poor farmers could learn new agricultural techniques using the internet? Or what about spreading better disease awareness? Not to mention the potential freedom it could bring once people realize there are alternative forms of government. Instead of just throwing fistfulls of money and medicine at these countries, open internet access could help them start doing more for themselves. No, I wouldn't say bringing the internet to third world countries is the top priority, but it certainly won't hurt.

waste of time and money

[timmarhy (659436)]

The last thing africa needs, is another distraction. food, clean water and stable government are the only things they should be focusing on right now. faster internet, is wayyyy down on the fucking list ok.

the internet affords them nothing tangible, which is what they need.

OLPC, anyone?

[Qubit (100461)]

They're putting them in the hands of kids in Africa and elsewhere, but the OLPC and other pervasive technologies are going to be a big part of education-driven social and political reform in 3rd world countries. And that reform will have to take place before wired telephone and internet connections are available everywhere...

The fact that children in Africa are accessing porn is a good sign. It's f*cking AMAZING! Why? Because that means that for the first time these children are reaching out and interacting with websites and other people across the globe. If they are connected, then can receive information and they can SEND information.

Africa has huge issues with corruption. Africa has huge issues with genocide, rape, tribal warfare, dictatorships... and the list goes on. But the really great thing about technology is that while it can enable people to have guns and bullets and other tools of war, it can also give them cell phones and tiny laptops.

If more and more villages in Africa have access to technology that is not dependent upon the grid for power or for an internet connection (solar or manual power, satellite or some kind of ad-hoc network for Internet access), then that will enable communities to unite, it will enable people to be educated about relevant health, political, and social issues, and it will (hopefully) enable groups of spread-out people to push through reform of governments and pave the way for new infrastructure.

If you see a homeless person on the street, giving them a few cents might help them for a day, but the best thing you could do for them is to help them find the right path for them to take to earn money and become a contributing member of society.

There are a number of possible ways that we in the Western world could help starving children in Africa. The best way for us to help people in 3rd world countries is to give the individual people tools which enable them to organize their communities, reform their governments and companies, and build up their countries from the inside out. A generation of children communicating through small, portable, rugged computers seems like an excellent tool to jumpstart the organize-reform-build process.

And then when they are a first-world country they can have spiffy fiber-to-the-premises broadband for all, just like we do in America. Oh wait.

Hmmm... perhaps we need to start encouraging OUR kids to do some social/political reform as well!

Development Happens in Order

[water-and-sewer (612923)]

Greetings. I live and work in Africa (http://therandymon.com/content/view/104/59/ [therandymon.com]), so I happen to know a little something about the way things are. Frankly, I don't see the scandal in the fact that Africa doesn't have good access to the Internet, and reject this article on the grounds that (a) as usual, the story is focused on lack of infrastructure, which is not the correct focus, and (b) as usual paints a bleaker picture than neecssary.

It's true service is slower and more expensive but in the capitals and in major cities there is more than enough to go around. In Benin there is dial up service for about $15 per month plus the cost of the phone call, ADSL service in the capital for about $75 a month for 256/128, and if that's not good enough you can pay more (up to $200/month) for greater bandwidth. It's more expensive than I'd like and the service is occasionally down for service, not to mention phone line trouble, saturated networks, and so on, but that's another story. The point is, I've got Internet in the capital (Cotonou, if you care) and it's essentially satisfactory. Inland in places like Burkina Faso and Mali they've got internet connections as well, but they are more expensive and the bandwidth isn't as good, since the network goes through the coastal nations - Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The big agencies - UN, embassies, major companies working in the region - also have available satellite internet at much higher prices.

Lack of infrastructure is not the problem. Lack of a market willing to pay for the service that demands that infrastructure is, and as the market develops the infrastructure will suddenly seem like a worthwhile investment. You don't get Africans connected by building a bunch of equipment and hoping they show up. The second factor is regulation, which is clearly an area where African governments have some growing to do. To build a telecommunications sector (and make no mistake about it, if you put in cable and connections you're building the sector) you need effective government regulation. Unfortunately that has to happen from within, and no multinational company can effectively impose good government (and thus good government oversight) on a nation. The article's story about Kigali is a perfect example of this point.

In the meantime, where's the scandal? I have friends and colleagues who live in small villages inland, not in the capital. Every one of them has a hotmail/yahoo.fr/gmail account, and when they need to use the Internet they go to a cybercafe for a quick hour or two. That fits their budget and works well.

If you want to connect Africa, help educate the people so they can improve their own economic situation. They will form the basis for a stronger economic market for these services, and the system will be sustainable. Impose on these growing countries the infrastructure before they are ready to sustain it and you will just perpetuate the development myth.

Before leaving this post, I highly recommend you read White Man's Burden by William Easterly, if the idea of development interests you. After 40 years of investing in growing countries we know a lot more about it than before, and there are many lessons to be learned.

Re:

[syukton (256348)]

Frankly, I don't see the scandal in the fact that Africa doesn't have good access to the Internet, and reject this article on the grounds that (a) as usual, the story is focused on lack of infrastructure, which is not the correct focus

Ok, let's take a look here...

not to mention phone line trouble, saturated networks, and so on

Strange, those sure sound like infrastructure problems to me!

Re:Out of Africa...

[The One and Only (691315)]

Most of the people who left Africa in prehistoric times did so accidentally, with pretty much no knowledge that they were in Africa to begin with--it was pretty much random human migration, nothing more. Also, how on earth has some thinly-veiled racist remark gotten modded up a 3, Insightful?

Re:

[v1 (525388)]

Just wondering: why is it so hard to get Internet access to (central) Africa, but the water-locked continent of Australia is, or seems to be, humming along just fine?

I would imagine laying oceanic cable even all the way to AU would be a heck of a lot easier than trying to trench it through africa, for a variety of reasons.

Anyone care to beat my laziness and dig up some numbers on just how many cables run to AU? I betcha there's a bunch. I have no problem video chatting with several of my friends there, an

Re:

[dhasenan (758719)]

It seems to me that the real "injustice" is a life expectancy of less than thirty years, a belief that raping virgins cures AIDS, religious civil wars, genocide...